History of Barton County, Kansas
Barton County, located in the central part of Kansas, boasts a rich and storied history dating back to its founding in 1855. Originally part of the Native American territory, the region quickly became a hub for settlers who were drawn to its fertile land and strategic location along the Arkansas River. The county’s history is marked by the expansion of railroads, agricultural growth, and its role in the development of the Great Plains. Today, Barton County is known for its picturesque landscapes, thriving agricultural industry, and several key historical sites that highlight its unique past.
Origins and Early History
Native American Presence
Before European settlers arrived, Barton County was home to various Native American tribes, including the Kansa (or Kaw), Osage, and Pawnee. The Kansa were the dominant group in the region, utilizing the fertile plains along the Arkansas River for hunting, fishing, and gathering. The river served as a critical resource for the indigenous people, offering a route for transportation, trade, and water.
In the 1820s and 1830s, the U.S. government began forcing Native American tribes to give up their lands as part of the broader policy of Indian Removal. The Kansa, along with other tribes, were relocated to reservations further west, and their land became open for settlement by European-Americans.
The First Settlers
The first non-native settlers in Barton County arrived in the early 1850s, drawn to the fertile soil and the promise of farming opportunities in the Arkansas River Valley. The county was officially established on February 26, 1855, and was named after the famed Kansas politician, Clara Barton, who later became famous for founding the American Red Cross.
Barton County was one of several counties formed during the early years of Kansas’ statehood, when the area was still a frontier region. Early settlers in the county faced numerous challenges, including the threat of raids by Native American groups, the harsh weather conditions, and the isolation of the area. Nonetheless, the settlers persevered, creating the foundations of what would eventually become a thriving agricultural community.
The Development of Railroads
The expansion of railroads in the late 19th century played a key role in the development of Barton County. In 1872, the Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe Railway (ATSF) built a major line through the county, connecting the area to larger cities like Kansas City and further enhancing its accessibility to markets. This allowed farmers to ship their products, particularly grain and cattle, to urban centers, fueling economic growth.
With the arrival of the railroad, towns like Great Bend, which would later become the county seat, began to flourish. The city’s location along the Arkansas River made it an ideal site for both transportation and trade. The county soon became a vital hub for agriculture, particularly wheat and cattle farming, which were essential to the region’s economy.
Key Historical Events
The Civil War and Barton County
Like much of Kansas, Barton County was affected by the turmoil of the Civil War. While Kansas was a free state, the region saw significant unrest between pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions. The broader conflict over the issue of slavery spilled into Kansas in the form of “Bleeding Kansas,” a series of violent political confrontations between pro-slavery settlers and abolitionists.
Although Barton County was not the site of major battles, it was not untouched by the violence and unrest. The county was home to a small number of Confederate sympathizers, who at times clashed with Union troops stationed in the region. The Civil War era in Barton County saw increased tensions between neighbors, along with raids and small-scale skirmishes.
The war also had an economic impact, particularly on farming and trade. While Barton County’s agricultural economy continued to thrive after the war, the devastation wrought by the conflict affected the lives of many residents for years to come.
The Great Depression and New Deal
Like much of rural America, Barton County was hard-hit by the Great Depression of the 1930s. The collapse of crop prices, combined with the effects of the Dust Bowl, left many farmers struggling to make a living. In response to this economic crisis, the federal government launched several New Deal programs to provide relief and stimulate the economy.
One of the most notable New Deal programs in Barton County was the establishment of the Works Progress Administration (WPA), which employed thousands of locals on various public works projects. Additionally, the federal government built several dams in the region, helping to control flooding and providing opportunities for recreational activities. The effects of these programs helped Barton County recover from the worst years of the Depression and set the stage for future growth.
Historical Sites in Barton County
1. Fort Zarah
Overview: Fort Zarah was established in 1864 as a military outpost during the Indian Wars to protect settlers and travelers along the Santa Fe Trail. The fort was named after Colonel John Zarah and served as a key point for supplies, military defense, and communication between Fort Riley and other frontier forts. Today, visitors can explore the remains of Fort Zarah, including several historical markers and reconstructed fortifications that offer a glimpse into the military life of the time.
Location: Near Great Bend, on the Santa Fe Trail, off U.S. Highway 56
Ticket Price: Free
Parking Information: Free parking is available at the site.
2. Kansas Wetlands Education Center
Overview: The Kansas Wetlands Education Center, located just outside Great Bend, serves as both a nature reserve and a historical site. This center highlights the region’s rich natural history and offers educational exhibits about the wetlands and the ecosystems that support wildlife. It also features information about the history of the Native American tribes who lived in the area, the settlement of Barton County, and the region’s role in the development of agriculture and transportation. The center offers hiking trails, birdwatching opportunities, and interpretive programs, making it a popular spot for both history and nature enthusiasts.
Location: 592 NE K-156 Hwy, Great Bend, Kansas
Ticket Price: Free
Parking Information: Free parking is available on-site.
3. Great Bend Brit Spaugh Zoo
Overview: While the Brit Spaugh Zoo is primarily a family-oriented attraction, it also offers a glimpse into Barton County’s history. The zoo, named after Brit Spaugh, a local philanthropist, opened in 1957 and has grown into a beloved part of the community. The zoo features various species native to Kansas, as well as exhibits related to the county’s agricultural heritage, highlighting the importance of wildlife and conservation in the region’s history.
Location: 2123 Main St, Great Bend, Kansas
Ticket Price: $5 for adults, $2 for children
Parking Information: Free parking is available at the zoo.
Geography and Climate
Barton County is located in the central part of Kansas, within the Great Plains region. The county covers an area of approximately 1,758 square miles, with the Arkansas River serving as a major geographical feature running through the county from east to west. The land is predominantly flat, with fertile soil ideal for farming, particularly wheat, corn, and other crops.
The county experiences a semi-arid climate typical of the Great Plains, characterized by hot summers and cold winters. Summers can be very hot, with average temperatures reaching the low 90s Fahrenheit, while winters are cold, with average temperatures ranging from 20 to 40 degrees Fahrenheit. Barton County receives an average of 25 inches of rainfall per year, with precipitation generally occurring in spring and early summer. The area is also prone to occasional tornadoes and severe thunderstorms.
County Facts
- Year Founded: 1855
- County Seat: Great Bend
- Population: Approximately 28,000 (2020 census)
- Population Density: 16 people per square mile
- Largest Cities: Great Bend, Ellinwood, Hoisington
- Major Highways: U.S. Highway 56, U.S. Highway 283, Kansas Highway 96
- Adjacent Counties: Rush County (north), Pawnee County (east), Stafford County (south), Barton County (west), and other surrounding counties
Barton County, Kansas, offers a unique blend of history, nature, and community. From its early Native American roots to its pivotal role in the development of the Great Plains, the county remains a living testament to the resilience and determination of its people. Today, visitors can explore the county’s rich history through a variety of historical sites, including Fort Zarah, the Kansas Wetlands Education Center, and the Great Bend Brit Spaugh Zoo. With its deep agricultural roots, natural beauty, and historical landmarks, Barton County is a place where the past and present continue to shape its future.
