History of Arlington County, Virginia

Arlington County, Virginia, is a unique and historically significant locality located just across the Potomac River from Washington, D.C. Though often thought of as part of the Washington metropolitan area, Arlington has a distinct history and identity that stretches back centuries. Originally part of the land ceded to create the District of Columbia, Arlington became a focal point in American history due to its military importance, cultural landmarks, and pivotal role in the Civil War. Today, Arlington stands as an urbanized county rich with historical sites, government buildings, memorials, and green spaces. This detailed history explores its early origins, key historical events, and notable landmarks that shape Arlington’s legacy as a vital part of Virginia and the U.S. capital region.

Origins and Early History

Arlington County, in its current form, was created from land that was originally part of the District of Columbia. The area was first inhabited by Native American groups, including the Powhatan Confederacy, and European colonization began in the early 1600s. By the 17th and 18th centuries, the area was part of the larger Virginia colony and was known for its fertile land, ideal for farming and plantation life.

In 1790, the United States Congress passed the Residence Act, which established the area for the future capital of the United States, which would be Washington, D.C. To form the capital, land from both Maryland and Virginia was ceded to the federal government. Arlington was part of the Virginia portion. However, the Virginia portion of the land was returned to the state in 1846, a process known as “retrocession,” due to disputes over governance and political considerations. This act led to the formation of Arlington County in its present form.

Arlington, then known as Alexandria County, remained a rural area for much of the 19th century, with its economy relying on farming and local industries. The county’s proximity to Washington, D.C., meant that it would eventually become more urbanized, particularly after the Civil War.

Civil War and Arlington National Cemetery

The Civil War marked a pivotal moment in Arlington’s history. Arlington was located directly across the Potomac River from Washington, D.C., and thus held great strategic significance. After Virginia seceded from the Union in 1861, Arlington became a battleground and an important site for military installation. Union forces quickly moved into the area and established forts around Arlington to defend Washington, D.C. Several of these forts, including Fort Myer and Fort Whipple, were crucial during the conflict.

One of the most enduring symbols of Arlington’s Civil War history is Arlington National Cemetery. Established in 1864, it was built on the grounds of the Arlington House, the home of Robert E. Lee, a Confederate general. During the war, the Union government seized the land, and the Lee family was forced to leave. As a result, Arlington National Cemetery was founded as a military burial ground, honoring those who fought in the Civil War. The cemetery has since become the final resting place for more than 400,000 military veterans, including soldiers from every major American war.

The location of Arlington House at the cemetery, overlooking Washington, D.C., has become a powerful symbol of the sacrifices made by U.S. military personnel and has shaped Arlington’s identity as a place of remembrance and honor. Over time, Arlington became closely associated with military history, with the county’s population increasingly consisting of veterans, military families, and government employees.

Growth in the 20th Century: The Pentagon and Urbanization

Arlington’s transition from a rural area to a bustling urban locality began in the early 20th century, though it accelerated after World War II. The establishment of the Pentagon, which was completed in 1943, played a major role in the county’s growth. Located just across the river from Washington, D.C., the Pentagon became the nerve center of the U.S. Department of Defense, bringing thousands of military personnel, contractors, and government employees to the area. As the U.S. military expanded during the Cold War, so did Arlington’s role as a hub for defense-related employment.

By the 1950s and 1960s, Arlington began to rapidly urbanize. The development of office buildings, apartment complexes, and government facilities transformed the county’s landscape. The Metrorail system, which began in 1976, further connected Arlington to the District of Columbia and nearby communities, making it an attractive place to live for government workers and those employed in Washington, D.C.

Throughout the 20th century, Arlington’s population increased dramatically, and its character shifted from rural to suburban to urban. However, the county maintained its strong military and governmental presence, which continues to define much of its identity today.

Civil Rights Era and Social Change

The 1950s and 1960s were also a time of significant social change in Arlington, as they were across much of the United States. Arlington was one of the first counties in Virginia to implement desegregation in its public schools. The Arlington Public Schools system was forced to integrate after a court ruling in 1950, making it the first school district in Virginia to do so. This decision was a key moment in the county’s history, as it reflected the broader national struggle for civil rights.

Arlington’s commitment to racial equality continued into the following decades, as the county embraced greater diversity in its communities. Today, Arlington is known for its progressive policies, diversity, and inclusive communities.

Key Historical Sites in Arlington County

Arlington County is home to several iconic and historically significant sites. Many of these sites are tied to the county’s military and national history, but they also reflect broader themes in American culture, from military sacrifice to civil rights.

Arlington National Cemetery

Overview: Arlington National Cemetery is perhaps the most significant historical site in Arlington County. Established during the Civil War, the cemetery honors fallen soldiers from all U.S. wars and conflicts. Visitors can view the graves of notable figures such as President John F. Kennedy, his wife Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis, and the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, where the famed changing of the guard takes place. Other memorials within the cemetery include the Civil War Memorial, the Challenger Memorial, and the Vietnam Veterans Memorial.

Location: 1 Memorial Ave, Arlington, VA 22211
Ticket Price: Free to visit, though guided tours may incur a small fee.
Parking Information: Limited on-site parking is available. Visitors are encouraged to use public transportation, particularly the Metrorail, which has a station at the cemetery.

The Pentagon Memorial

Overview: The Pentagon Memorial commemorates the 184 people who died in the Pentagon during the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks. Located just outside the Pentagon building, the memorial features 184 illuminated benches, each representing a victim, and the benches are arranged by birth year. It’s a poignant tribute to the lives lost in this tragic event and serves as a reminder of the global impact of 9/11.

Location: 1 N. Rotary Road, Arlington, VA 22202
Ticket Price: Free
Parking Information: Free parking is available, but spaces can be limited. Public transportation is recommended, with the Pentagon Metro station located nearby.

Arlington House, The Robert E. Lee Memorial

Overview: Arlington House, also known as the Robert E. Lee Memorial, was the former home of Confederate General Robert E. Lee. The mansion is situated on the grounds of Arlington National Cemetery, offering stunning views of Washington, D.C. The site offers educational tours detailing Lee’s life and the history of the Civil War, with exhibits on the house’s role in American history.

Location: Arlington National Cemetery, Arlington, VA 22211
Ticket Price: Free with admission to Arlington National Cemetery; guided tours available for a small fee.
Parking Information: Parking is available at Arlington National Cemetery. Visitors can also take the Metrorail to the nearby station.

The Iwo Jima Memorial (Marine Corps War Memorial)

Overview: One of the most iconic monuments in the U.S., the Marine Corps War Memorial honors the Marines who have died in every American conflict since 1775. The monument’s design is based on the famous photograph of six Marines raising the U.S. flag on Iwo Jima during World War II. The sculpture is located near Arlington National Cemetery and provides sweeping views of the U.S. Capitol.

Location: 1 Memorial Ave, Arlington, VA 22211
Ticket Price: Free
Parking Information: Free parking is available at the memorial, though spaces may be limited during busy seasons.

The U.S. Air Force Memorial

Overview: Dedicated to the men and women of the U.S. Air Force, this memorial features three spires that soar 270 feet into the sky, symbolizing the Air Force’s core values and mission. The memorial honors Air Force personnel who have served since the creation of the Air Force in 1947. Visitors can also enjoy panoramic views of Arlington and Washington, D.C.

Location: 1 Air Force Memorial Dr, Arlington, VA 22204
Ticket Price: Free
Parking Information: Free parking is available on-site, though space may be limited on busy days.

County Facts

Geography and Climate

Arlington County is located in Northern Virginia, bordered to the east by the Potomac River, which separates it from Washington, D.C. The county encompasses a relatively small area of just 26 square miles (67 km²) but is densely urbanized, with a population of more than 240,000. Arlington is the smallest self-governing county in the United States by land area, yet it is one of the most economically and culturally significant areas in the region.

The county’s climate is classified as humid subtropical, with hot, humid summers and mild to cool winters. Arlington experiences an average of 38 inches of rain per year, with the wettest months occurring during the spring and summer. Snowfall is usually light but can accumulate during the winter months. The average summer temperature ranges from the mid-70s to low 90s (°F), while winter temperatures range from the mid-20s to 40s (°F).

Key County Facts

• Year Founded: 1846 (retroceded from the District of Columbia)
• County Seat: Arlington
• Population: Approximately 240,000 (as of 2023)
• Population Density: 8,500 people per square mile
• Largest Cities: Arlington (the entire county is considered a city)
• Major Highways: I-395, I-66, U.S. Route 50, George Washington Parkway
• Adjacent Counties: Fairfax County, Falls Church (Independent City), Washington, D.C.

Arlington County’s rich history, dynamic growth, and proximity to the nation’s capital make it one of the most significant and influential regions in the United States. From its origins in the early colonial period to its role in the nation’s military and political history, Arlington has contributed in countless ways to the development of the U.S. Today, it remains an essential part of the Washington, D.C., metropolitan area, a place where history is not just remembered, but lived every day.