History of Amherst County, Virginia
Amherst County, located in central Virginia, is a region steeped in rich history that stretches from its colonial origins to its pivotal role during the American Revolution and the Civil War. Established in 1761, the county was named after Jeffrey Amherst, a British military officer. Over the centuries, Amherst County has witnessed the growth of agriculture, the rise of important local industries, and the development of a diverse cultural heritage. Today, the county is known for its scenic landscapes, historical landmarks, and charming small towns, making it a unique and fascinating place to explore for both history enthusiasts and nature lovers alike.
Origins and Key Historical Events
Colonial Era and Early Settlement
Before European settlers arrived, the region that would become Amherst County was inhabited by the Monacan people, part of the larger Siouan language group. The Monacans lived in the Piedmont region of Virginia and were known for their complex society and trade networks. The arrival of English settlers in the 1600s, particularly after the founding of Jamestown in 1607, led to the displacement of the native peoples and the beginning of European colonial expansion.
In 1734, the area that is now Amherst County was part of Albemarle County. The fertile lands of the James River valley attracted European settlers, particularly those of English, German, and Scots-Irish descent, who began to build farms and establish small communities. As the population grew, there was a need for a separate administrative district. In 1761, Amherst County was officially established, named after Lord Jeffrey Amherst, a British commander in the French and Indian War.
The county’s early economy was largely agricultural, with tobacco being the primary cash crop. Slavery played an integral role in the agricultural system, as enslaved Africans worked the large tobacco plantations. The county grew steadily throughout the 18th century, and by the time of the American Revolution, Amherst had become an important part of Virginia’s agricultural economy.
Role in the American Revolution
Amherst County was deeply involved in the American Revolution (1775-1783), with local residents supporting the Continental Army in various capacities. Many men from Amherst served in Virginia’s militia, and the county was a site of pro-independence sentiment. While no major battles were fought within the county, Amherst Courthouse and surrounding areas saw military gatherings and supplies being funneled into the Revolutionary cause.
One of the most notable figures from Amherst during this period was Patrick Henry, one of Virginia’s founding fathers. Though not a native of Amherst, Henry spent much of his early life here and practiced law in the county. His famous speech, “Give me liberty or give me death,” delivered at the Virginia Convention in 1775, had a profound impact on the colony’s support for the Revolution. Henry would go on to serve as the first governor of Virginia after the Revolution.
The Civil War and its Aftermath
Like much of Virginia, Amherst County was significantly impacted by the Civil War (1861-1865). The county, which was part of the Confederacy, saw military action and skirmishes between Union and Confederate forces. The county’s location near the Appomattox River made it a strategic point for the Confederate Army. As the war progressed, the county was beset by both economic hardships and political divisions, with many residents expressing loyalty to the South.
Amherst County saw several incidents during the Civil War, but one of the most significant was the Appomattox Campaign in April 1865. Just a few miles to the east of Amherst, General Robert E. Lee famously surrendered to Union General Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox Court House, effectively ending the war. While no large battles were fought in Amherst, its proximity to Appomattox placed it at the heart of the final stages of the conflict.
The aftermath of the war was difficult for Amherst County. Like other Southern communities, the county had to rebuild its economy, which had been based on agriculture and slavery, in the face of post-war Reconstruction and the end of the plantation system. Many farms were abandoned, and the county’s infrastructure was in ruins. However, over the next few decades, the region began to recover.
Economic Growth and Industrial Development in the 20th Century
The 20th century saw Amherst County transition from an agricultural-based economy to one more diversified with the rise of new industries. As the railroad system expanded, Amherst became connected to larger markets, which helped foster the growth of local industries, including lumber, mining, and textiles. The presence of the James River and its tributaries also opened the way for small-scale industries like gristmills and sawmills.
By the early 1900s, the county began to see industrial growth, and towns like Amherst and Madison Heights saw population growth and development. Though much of the region remained rural, this period marked a shift from the old plantation economy to one based on manufacturing and a more diversified agricultural economy.
Post-World War II, Amherst County continued to see population growth and economic development, although much of the rural character remained intact. The construction of interstate highways and the proximity to larger cities like Lynchburg and Charlottesville also contributed to the county’s growth as a commuter and suburban area.
Historical Sites in Amherst County
1. Amherst Courthouse
Overview
Amherst Courthouse, located in the heart of Amherst, is one of the most historically significant landmarks in the county. The courthouse itself dates back to 1827 and has served as the center of government and justice in Amherst County for over 190 years. It was the site of legal proceedings and public gatherings throughout the county’s history. The courthouse is also surrounded by a number of other historic buildings, including the Old Jail and the Amherst County Clerk’s Office, which are part of the historical district.
Location:
Amherst Courthouse, Amherst, VA 24521
Ticket Price:
- Free access to the courthouse and public areas. Donations are encouraged for preservation efforts.
Parking Information:
Ample street parking is available around the courthouse square.
2. The Patrick Henry Memorial
Overview
The Patrick Henry Memorial is located near Red Hill, the site of the former home of Patrick Henry, one of Virginia’s most influential founding fathers and the first governor of Virginia. While Henry is most famous for his “Give me liberty or give me death” speech, his home at Red Hill offers a deeper insight into his life and legacy. The property features a museum dedicated to his life, as well as the preserved family home and tomb. The memorial provides visitors with a chance to learn about the man who played a pivotal role in Virginia’s—and America’s—fight for independence.
Location:
1250 Red Hill Road, Brookneal, VA 24528
Ticket Price:
- Adults: $10
- Children (under 12): $5
Parking Information:
On-site parking is available for visitors.
3. Appomattox Court House National Historical Park
Overview
While technically located just outside of Amherst County in Appomattox, this park is an important site for understanding the county’s connection to the Civil War. Appomattox Court House was the site of the surrender of General Robert E. Lee to General Ulysses S. Grant in April 1865, effectively ending the Civil War. The park includes the preserved courthouse, where the surrender took place, as well as other historic buildings, exhibits, and walking tours that bring the history of the war and its conclusion to life.
Location:
Appomattox Court House National Historical Park, Appomattox, VA 24522
Ticket Price:
- Adults: $10
- Children (under 16): Free
Parking Information:
Free parking is available at the park entrance.
County Facts
Geography and Climate
Amherst County covers an area of 474 square miles and is located in the Central Piedmont region of Virginia. The county is defined by a varied landscape, including rolling hills, river valleys, and the Blue Ridge Mountains to the west. The James River flows through the eastern part of the county, providing both scenic beauty and resources for agriculture and industry.
The county enjoys a humid subtropical climate, characterized by hot, humid summers and mild winters. Average summer temperatures hover around 85°F, while winters remain relatively moderate with temperatures rarely dipping below 32°F. The region experiences moderate rainfall throughout the year, with the heaviest precipitation typically occurring during spring and summer thunderstorms.
Key County Statistics
- Year Founded: 1761
- County Seat: Amherst
- Population: Approximately 32,000
- Population Density: 68 people per square mile
- Largest Cities: Amherst, Madison Heights, Sweet Briar
- Major Highways: U.S. Route 60, U.S. Route 29, Virginia Route 151
- Adjacent Counties:
- Nelson County (east)
- Buckingham County (south)
- Campbell County (west)
- Bedford County (northwest)
- Appomattox County (north)