History of Andrew County, Missouri
Andrew County, located in the northwestern corner of Missouri, has a rich history shaped by early settlement, agricultural development, and its strategic location along major transportation routes. Established in 1841 and named after Andrew Jackson, the seventh President of the United States, the county developed as a hub for agriculture, especially corn, wheat, and livestock. With its proximity to the Missouri River and Kansas City, Andrew County has witnessed significant historical events, including Native American history, westward expansion, and the Civil War. Today, it remains a vibrant rural county with a blend of historical sites and modern communities.
Origins and Key Historical Events
Early Native American and European Settlement
Before the arrival of European settlers, the region that would become Andrew County was inhabited by various Native American tribes, including the Otoe, Missouri, and Pawnee. These tribes lived off the fertile lands, utilizing the Missouri River for transportation, fishing, and trade. The area’s abundant wildlife and natural resources made it an ideal location for both settlement and trade.
The first European settlers to move into the region were primarily French and later American pioneers, who began arriving in the late 18th century as part of the broader westward expansion. The Louisiana Purchase of 1803, which ceded the land to the United States, opened the way for further settlement in the area. By the early 1800s, steamboats began navigating the Missouri River, facilitating transportation and trade for these early pioneers.
In 1837, the Treaty of St. Peters was signed with the Pawnee, which led to the relocation of the indigenous tribes from the area. The establishment of trade routes and the building of forts such as Fort Leavenworth in Kansas and Fort Osage in Missouri further facilitated the settlement of Andrew County by American pioneers, who began establishing farms and communities along the river.
Formation of Andrew County and Its Agricultural Development
Andrew County was officially formed in 1841, carved out of parts of Buchanan County. The county was named after Andrew Jackson, the seventh President of the United States, reflecting the nation’s admiration for his leadership during the War of 1812 and his role in American expansionism. In the early years, Andrew County’s economy was primarily based on agriculture. The county’s fertile soil and favorable climate made it a perfect location for growing corn, wheat, and livestock. Steamboat trade along the Missouri River further supported the agricultural economy, allowing local farmers to ship goods to markets in St. Louis, Kansas City, and beyond.
Saint Joseph, located at the county’s southern border, was a key player in the early economic development of the area. By the mid-1800s, the city had become a thriving river town and commercial center, and it played a crucial role in the county’s prosperity.
The Civil War and Andrew County’s Divided Loyalties
During the Civil War, Andrew County, like much of Missouri, was divided in its loyalties. Missouri was a border state, with both Union and Confederate sympathies running deep. While the majority of the population in Andrew County leaned toward the Union cause, there were significant Confederate sympathizers as well, leading to divided allegiances throughout the war.
In 1864, the county experienced the turmoil of the war firsthand, as raiding parties crossed through the area, and many residents were forced to choose sides or leave their homes to avoid conflict. The presence of bushwhackers—guerrilla fighters loyal to the Confederacy—led to widespread fear and violence in the region. The nearby city of Saint Joseph became a strategic base for Union troops.
After the war ended, Andrew County faced the challenges of Reconstruction, but it quickly began to recover as the agricultural economy was revitalized. The arrival of the railroad in the late 19th century further boosted the county’s agricultural exports and contributed to its overall economic growth.
20th Century: Growth and Industry
The 20th century saw Andrew County transition from a strictly agricultural economy to one that embraced small-scale industry. Saint Joseph, the county seat, became an important industrial center, especially in the production of meatpacking, automobile manufacturing, and tobacco. The city’s location on the Missouri River and its proximity to major railroads allowed it to serve as a commercial hub for the region.
The construction of interstate highways in the mid-1900s further connected Andrew County to the broader American economy, and many of the county’s small towns began to see the rise of service-oriented businesses and manufacturing.
Late 20th Century to Today: Agricultural Resurgence and Suburbanization
In the latter half of the 20th century, Andrew County saw the growth of suburban development, especially as Saint Joseph expanded. Residential areas sprouted up as people moved out from urban centers to enjoy the rural lifestyle. However, farming continued to be a significant part of the local economy. The production of corn, soybeans, and livestock remained strong, supported by advanced agricultural techniques and technology.
Today, Andrew County is a mix of rural farmland, small towns, and suburban developments. It remains a vital part of the St. Joseph Metropolitan Area, with Saint Joseph continuing to serve as the county’s commercial and cultural center.
Historical Sites in Andrew County
1. The Pony Express National Historic Trail
Overview
The Pony Express National Historic Trail runs through Andrew County and marks the historic route of the Pony Express riders who carried mail between Missouri and California from 1860 to 1861. The trail helped facilitate communication across the United States during a time when the country was expanding westward. The Pony Express was short-lived, but its impact was significant, paving the way for the development of more reliable communication methods. Today, the Pony Express Trail is marked with several interpretive signs and landmarks throughout Andrew County.
Location:
Various locations throughout Andrew County, especially along the Missouri River
Ticket Price:
- Free
Parking Information:
Parking is available at several trailheads and designated rest stops along the route.
2. Glore Psychiatric Museum
Overview
The Glore Psychiatric Museum in Saint Joseph is a fascinating historical site dedicated to the history of mental health treatment in the United States. The museum is located in the former State Lunatic Asylum No. 2, which was established in the 19th century to treat the mentally ill. The museum’s exhibits feature the history of mental illness, the evolution of psychiatric treatment, and the architectural development of the asylum. It is a unique and educational stop for visitors interested in medical history.
Location:
3406 Frederick Ave, Saint Joseph, MO 64506
Ticket Price:
- Adults: $6
- Seniors/Students: $4
- Children (under 6): Free
Parking Information:
Free parking is available on-site.
3. The Buchanan County Courthouse
Overview
Although located just outside of Andrew County in Saint Joseph, the Buchanan County Courthouse is a historic landmark with significance to both Andrew County and the surrounding region. Built in 1903, the courthouse is a fine example of Beaux-Arts architecture and houses local government offices. The building is also an important symbol of the region’s legal history and political heritage. Visitors can tour the courthouse to appreciate its architectural beauty and learn about the judicial history of the area.
Location:
411 Jules St, Saint Joseph, MO 64501
Ticket Price:
- Free entry
Parking Information:
Street parking is available around the courthouse, as well as nearby public parking lots.
County Facts
Geography and Climate
Andrew County is located in northwestern Missouri, bordered to the west by the Missouri River. The county has a predominantly agricultural landscape, with fertile plains and gently rolling hills. The county’s geography is marked by vast farmlands and riverfront areas, providing ample opportunities for farming and outdoor recreation. The climate is classified as humid continental, characterized by hot, humid summers and cold winters. The county experiences an average of 40 inches of precipitation per year, with the most rainfall occurring in the spring and early summer.
Key County Statistics
- Year Founded: 1841
- County Seat: Saint Joseph
- Population: Approximately 130,000
- Population Density: 160 people per square mile
- Largest Cities: Saint Joseph, Amazonia, Helena
- Major Highways: Interstate 29, U.S. Route 36, Missouri Route 6
- Adjacent Counties:
- Buchanan County (south)
- Nodaway County (north)
- Dekalb County (east)
- Doniphan County, Kansas (west)