History of Armstrong County, Pennsylvania
Armstrong County, Pennsylvania, is located in the western part of the state, bordered by the Allegheny River and rich with natural beauty and historical significance. The county was established in 1800, named after John Armstrong, Jr., a prominent Revolutionary War figure and politician. Historically, Armstrong County has been integral to the development of Pennsylvania’s industry, especially in coal, timber, and oil. Over the centuries, the county’s history has been shaped by its role in the region’s industrial expansion, its agricultural roots, and its transformation during the 20th century. Today, Armstrong County remains a blend of historic communities, scenic landscapes, and industrial heritage.
Origins and Early History
The area that would become Armstrong County was originally inhabited by Native American groups, most notably the Lenape and Shawnee tribes, who lived along the Allegheny River and its tributaries. These early residents utilized the area’s fertile land for hunting, fishing, and agriculture. European settlement in the region began in the late 18th century, spurred by the expansion of the American colonies and the westward movement following the Revolutionary War. The first European settlers in Armstrong County arrived in the 1770s, mostly of Scotch-Irish and German descent, establishing farms and small communities along the rivers.
Armstrong County was formally established in 1800, carved out of parts of Westmoreland, Allegheny, and Indiana counties. The county was named after John Armstrong, Jr., a veteran of the Continental Army who later became a prominent politician in Pennsylvania. Armstrong’s connection to the county was celebrated for his leadership in the Revolutionary War, as well as his service in the Pennsylvania Assembly and as Secretary of War during the War of 1812.
The county’s early economy was largely agrarian, with farming, especially grain and livestock, being the primary economic activity. However, the 19th century saw the advent of industries like lumber, coal mining, and eventually oil production, which brought considerable wealth and development to the region.
Industrial Growth and the Birth of Oil
Armstrong County’s industrial history began with timber, and by the mid-19th century, the region had become a significant supplier of lumber for Pittsburgh and surrounding areas. However, the most significant transformation came with the discovery of oil. In 1859, the first commercial oil well was drilled in nearby Titusville, Pennsylvania, sparking the famous Pennsylvania Oil Rush. Armstrong County was one of the key regions involved in the oil boom, with towns such as Kittanning and Ford City becoming pivotal sites in the growing oil industry. The oil boom brought wealth and an influx of workers, and the region quickly developed infrastructure to support the industry, including railroads and refineries.
During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Armstrong County’s economy diversified further. Coal mining became another major economic driver, and the county’s proximity to Pittsburgh, a steel industry hub, ensured that demand for both coal and steel-related products continued to grow. The coal industry would remain a vital part of the county’s economy for several decades, though it would begin to decline in the mid-20th century due to the depletion of local resources and the rise of more efficient mining operations elsewhere.
The Decline of the Industrial Era and Economic Shifts
Like many counties in the Rust Belt, Armstrong County experienced a sharp decline in its industrial base during the mid-20th century. As the coal and steel industries began to weaken, the area’s economy suffered, and many of the towns saw population decreases and economic stagnation. Ford City, once a thriving mill town, faced the closure of key factories, and Kittanning’s fortunes also waned as the oil industry, too, began to decline after the initial boom.
In response, Armstrong County has attempted to diversify its economy. While traditional industries like agriculture, energy, and manufacturing remain important, the county has increasingly embraced tourism, outdoor recreation, and service-based industries in recent years. With its proximity to Pittsburgh and its many natural assets, Armstrong County has sought to revitalize communities by promoting the area’s historical landmarks, parks, and scenic views.
Key Historical Events
The Oil Boom and Its Impact
The discovery of oil near Titusville in 1859 had an enormous impact on Armstrong County. As the Pennsylvania Oil Rush took hold, the county saw rapid economic growth. The town of Kittanning, which was originally a trading post for local settlers, became a key center for oil extraction, refining, and distribution. The oil industry also brought a considerable influx of workers from outside the region, further developing Armstrong County’s infrastructure.
During this period, oil exploration and drilling technologies advanced rapidly, making Armstrong County a central player in the national oil market. The influence of the oil industry in Armstrong County continued into the early 20th century, even as the industry began to see declines due to overproduction and depletion of local oil fields.
The Rise and Fall of the Coal Industry
Coal mining played an essential role in the county’s economic development, especially in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Coal was essential for the steel mills in Pittsburgh, and Armstrong County’s coal mines were some of the most productive in the region. Towns like Apollo and Ford City saw significant growth as a result of mining operations. However, the decline of coal mining, coupled with labor unrest and environmental concerns, led to a downturn in the region’s economic fortunes. The coal industry was eventually supplanted by natural gas and oil exploration, although the coal legacy continues to shape Armstrong County’s history.
The Construction of Key Infrastructure
In addition to its industrial importance, Armstrong County’s infrastructure also played a significant role in shaping its history. The construction of railroads in the mid-19th century, for example, helped the county integrate into the larger regional economy. The Pennsylvania Railroad established key routes through Armstrong County, allowing for the easy transport of goods and resources from the local factories and mines to larger markets. By the late 1800s, towns like Kittanning and Ford City were well-connected, and their economic development was closely tied to the success of the railroads.
Historical Sites in Armstrong County
Armstrong County is rich in historical landmarks that reflect its industrial past, as well as its role in Pennsylvania’s broader history. Below are some of the most notable historical sites in the county:
Kittanning Historic District
Overview: Kittanning, the county seat of Armstrong County, is home to a number of historic buildings and landmarks, including the Armstrong County Courthouse, which was built in 1857 and remains a key symbol of the county’s rich history. The town itself is known for its beautiful historic architecture and its role during the oil boom of the mid-19th century.
Location: Kittanning, PA 16201
Ticket Price: Free to visit, though guided tours may have a fee.
Parking Information: Street parking is available in and around the town square, with additional parking near the courthouse.
Armstrong County Historical Museum and Genealogical Society
Overview: The Armstrong County Historical Museum offers an extensive collection of artifacts from the region’s industrial past, as well as exhibits on the county’s early history, including its Native American heritage and its role in the oil industry. The museum is located in a historic building and also provides access to genealogical resources for those interested in tracing their Armstrong County roots.
Location: 300 N. McKean Street, Kittanning, PA 16201
Ticket Price: Adults $5, Seniors $3, Children under 12 free.
Parking Information: Free parking is available in a lot behind the museum.
Oil Heritage Region National Scenic Byway
Overview: The Oil Heritage Region National Scenic Byway, which includes parts of Armstrong County, offers a self-guided tour of the sites that were central to the Pennsylvania Oil Rush. Visitors can explore the oil wells, historic sites, and communities that played key roles in the early days of the American oil industry.
Location: Various locations along the Allegheny River in Armstrong and nearby counties.
Ticket Price: Free
Parking Information: Parking is available at various stops along the Byway, including scenic overlooks and visitor centers.
The Historic Ford City
Overview: Ford City, once a booming steel town, is now a quiet residential community with several historic sites. The Ford City Borough Museum houses local artifacts and stories related to the town’s industrial past, particularly the rise of steel manufacturing. The town also features a historic district with several notable buildings, including the former Ford City Works.
Location: Ford City, PA 16226
Ticket Price: Free, donations welcome
Parking Information: Street parking is available throughout the town.
The Allegheny River Trail
Overview: The Allegheny River Trail, running through Armstrong County, offers a glimpse into the county’s history as a river-based trade route. The trail, which follows the river’s path, is ideal for hiking and cycling and provides scenic views of the natural beauty of the area. Along the trail, visitors can learn about the county’s role in early transportation and the development of its towns.
Location: Along the Allegheny River, primarily in Armstrong County.
Ticket Price: Free
Parking Information: Parking is available at various access points along the trail.
County Facts
Geography and Climate
Armstrong County is located in the western part of Pennsylvania, bordered to the north by the Allegheny River. It covers an area of approximately 664 square miles and is characterized by rolling hills, river valleys, and forests. The county’s landscape has contributed to its historical reliance on industries like logging, coal mining, and oil extraction.
The climate of Armstrong County is classified as humid continental, with four distinct seasons. Summers are typically warm and humid, with average temperatures in the 70s and 80s (°F), while winters can be cold and snowy, with temperatures often dipping below freezing. The county receives moderate precipitation throughout the year, with snowfall common in winter months.
Key County Facts
- Year Founded: 1800
- County Seat: Kittanning
- Population: Approximately 65,000 (as of 2020)
- Population Density: 98 people per square mile
- Largest Cities: Kittanning, Ford City, Apollo
- Major Highways: U.S. Route 422, Pennsylvania Route 28, Pennsylvania Route 66
- Adjacent Counties: Butler County, Westmoreland County, Indiana County, Clarion County, Jefferson County