Croatia Facts

Croatia, state of the Balkan Peninsula in southeastern Europe; 56,538 km², 4.1 million residents (2019).Croatia borders in the north to Slovenia and Hungary, in the east to Serbia and in the south to Bosnia and Herzegovina and in the west has a long coastline along the Adriatic Sea. The capital is Zagreb (694,000 residents, 2012).

Croatia Country Flag

Country facts

  • Republika Hrvatska / Republic of Croatia
  • Country abbreviation: HR
  • Area: 56 538 km²
  • Population (2019): 4.1 million residents
  • Capital: Zagreb
  • Main language: Croatian
  • State: Republic
  • Head of State: Zoran Milanović (President)
  • Head of Government: Tihomir Oresković
  • Per capita GDP (2018): US $ 14,861
  • GNI per capita (2018): US $ 13,830
  • Currency unit: 1 kuna = 100 lipa
  • Currency code: HRK
  • Country number (telephony): 385
  • Internet Domain Name: Mr
  • Time difference compared to Sweden: 0
  • National Day: June 25 (Independence Day, 1991)

Nature

  • Land use: forest (37%), agricultural land (22%), other (41%)
  • Highest mountain: Dinara (1,831 m asl)

Population

  • Population density (2019): 72 residents per km²
  • Natural population growth (2019): −0.4%; birth number 9 ‰, death number 13 ‰
  • Age structure (2019): 0-14 years (14%), 15-64 (66%), 65- (20%)
  • Average life expectancy (2019): men 75 years, women 81 years
  • Infant mortality (2019): 4 per 1,000 live births
  • Population forecast 2050: 3 million residents
  • HDI (2017): 0.831 (place 46 of 189)
  • Urbanization rate (2019): 57%
  • Most populous cities (2012): Zagreb (694,000 residents), Split (175,700), Rijeka (144,300)

Business

  • Industry’s contribution to GDP (2017): agriculture (4%), industry (26%), service (70%)
  • Exports (2017): US $ 13,150 million
  • Main export products: means of transport, machinery, textiles
  • Main exporting countries: Italy, Germany, Slovenia
  • Imports (2017): US $ 22,340 million
  • Main import products: machinery, means of transport, chemicals
  • Main importing countries: Germany, Italy, Slovenia
  • Railway network (2014): 2 700 km

Geography

Location and Borders

Croatia is located in Southeast Europe, on the eastern shore of the Adriatic Sea. It is a part of the Balkan Peninsula, and its strategic location has made it a crossroads of various cultures and civilizations throughout history. Croatia shares borders with Slovenia to the northwest, Hungary to the northeast, Serbia to the east, Bosnia and Herzegovina to the southeast, and Montenegro to the southeast. Its 1,777 kilometers (1,104 miles) of coastline along the Adriatic Sea provide Croatia with a crucial maritime position in Europe, contributing to its tourism industry and fostering trade routes to Italy and other Mediterranean regions.

The country spans an area of about 56,594 square kilometers (21,851 square miles), making it a moderately sized European country. Croatia has a diverse geography, with a mix of coastal plains, mountains, and fertile valleys, offering varied landscapes and rich biodiversity.

Topography and Natural Features

Croatia’s topography is diverse, offering a wide range of landscapes from Mediterranean coastal areas to mountainous regions in the inland. The country is characterized by four primary geographical regions: the lowlands, the mountains, the coastal region, and the islands. The majority of the population resides in the central lowlands, particularly around the capital city of Zagreb, which sits at the southern foothills of the Medvednica mountain range.

The Dinaric Alps, which stretch across Croatia’s interior and extend into neighboring countries like Bosnia and Herzegovina, are the most prominent mountain range in the country. These mountains are rich in limestone, creating dramatic karst formations, deep gorges, and caves. The highest peak in Croatia is Dinara, reaching 1,831 meters (6,007 feet) above sea level.

To the west of Croatia, along the Adriatic coast, is a region of mild Mediterranean climate with beautiful beaches, steep cliffs, and rich marine life. Croatia has more than 1,000 islands, islets, and reefs, making it one of the most rugged coastlines in Europe. The largest islands are Krk, Cres, Brač, and Hvar, all known for their historical towns, natural beauty, and popular tourist destinations.

The country’s rivers also play a vital role in its geography. The Danube, Sava, and Drava rivers serve as important water routes for trade and transport. The Sava River, for example, forms much of the border between Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Climate and Seasonal Variation

Croatia’s climate is largely Mediterranean along the coast and continental further inland, with significant regional variation. The coastal areas enjoy a Mediterranean climate, characterized by hot, dry summers and mild, wet winters. This climate supports the country’s lush vegetation, vineyards, olive groves, and famous coastal tourism.

In contrast, the inland areas experience a continental climate with hot summers and cold winters. The region around the capital city of Zagreb, for example, has cold winters with temperatures often dipping below freezing and mild to warm summers. This continental zone includes areas with fertile plains suitable for agriculture, including the cultivation of grains, fruits, and vegetables.

The mountainous areas, particularly the Dinaric Alps, experience cooler temperatures throughout the year. These regions can have significant snowfall in winter, attracting tourists for winter sports such as skiing and snowboarding. The varying climate zones across the country contribute to Croatia’s rich natural landscapes, making it a popular destination for diverse outdoor activities.

People

Population and Demographics

Croatia has a population of approximately 4 million people. The population has been gradually declining in recent decades due to factors such as lower birth rates, an aging population, and emigration, particularly to Western Europe. Despite this, the country remains one of the more populated nations in the Balkans, with the majority of the population residing in urban areas, especially in the capital city of Zagreb and along the Adriatic coast.

The population is primarily ethnically Croatian, but there are also smaller ethnic minorities, including Serbs, Italians, Bosniaks, and Hungarians. The country’s cultural diversity reflects its long history of different political and cultural influences, ranging from Roman, Ottoman, Venetian, and Austro-Hungarian empires.

The largest concentration of the population resides in the central and northern parts of the country, including the capital city. The southern regions, particularly along the Dalmatian coast, are also heavily populated due to their proximity to the Adriatic Sea, which has long been an important hub for trade and tourism.

Languages

The official language of Croatia is Croatian, a South Slavic language that uses the Latin alphabet. Croatian is mutually intelligible with other Serbo-Croatian dialects spoken in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, and Serbia, though Croatian is distinct in terms of vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation. It is a standardized language based on the Shtokavian dialect, and it is used for all formal and official communications, including education, government, and media.

Croatia is a linguistically diverse country, with minority languages spoken by various ethnic groups. Serbian is the second most spoken language in the country, especially among the Serbian minority, and it is used in areas with a significant Serbian population. Additionally, Italian is spoken in parts of the Istrian peninsula, particularly in towns like Pula, where there is a historic Italian community. Hungarian and Czech are also spoken by smaller communities, mostly in regions close to the Hungarian border.

English is widely spoken, especially in tourist areas, as Croatia has become a major European travel destination. English proficiency is high among the younger population, and it is taught in schools from an early age.

Religion

The majority of Croatians adhere to Roman Catholicism, with about 86% of the population identifying as Catholic. Catholicism plays an important role in Croatian society, with many religious traditions, holidays, and festivals deeply ingrained in the country’s culture. The Catholic Church has a significant influence on social life and public ceremonies, and Croatia is known for its impressive churches, monasteries, and pilgrimage sites, such as the shrine at Međugorje.

There is also a significant Serbian Orthodox minority in Croatia, particularly in the eastern regions. This religious group has its own rich cultural traditions and festivals, and the Serbian Orthodox Church maintains a presence in various parts of the country. Other smaller religious groups include Muslims, Jews, and Protestants, although they represent a minority of the population.

Croatia is constitutionally secular, but religion continues to play a prominent role in the country’s cultural and national identity. Religious celebrations such as Christmas and Easter are widely observed, with numerous public events and traditional rituals that unite communities.

Economy

Overview

The economy of Croatia is diverse and includes a mix of agriculture, services, manufacturing, and tourism. Since gaining independence from Yugoslavia in 1991, Croatia has undergone significant economic transformation, transitioning from a centrally planned economy to a market-based one. The country’s economy has experienced steady growth, particularly in the 2000s, and it has become increasingly integrated into the European Union, of which it became a member in 2013.

Croatia’s economy is highly dependent on tourism, which contributes significantly to GDP and employment. Agriculture, particularly the production of wine, olive oil, and fresh produce, also plays an important role, especially in rural regions. The manufacturing sector includes the production of machinery, electronics, and food products. Croatia has an educated and skilled workforce, and the country has made investments in technology and infrastructure to diversify its economy.

However, challenges remain, including a relatively high unemployment rate, particularly among the youth, and income inequality. Croatia’s economy is also vulnerable to fluctuations in global demand for its exports, particularly in the agricultural and tourism sectors.

Agriculture and Natural Resources

Agriculture is a significant part of Croatia’s economy, particularly in rural areas. The country’s fertile land and Mediterranean climate support a variety of crops, including wheat, corn, barley, and vegetables. Croatia is also known for its production of high-quality fruits such as apples, cherries, and grapes, the latter being used to produce some of the country’s renowned wines. The wine industry is a significant cultural and economic asset, with several wine regions producing distinctive wines that are enjoyed domestically and internationally.

Olives are another key agricultural product, particularly in the coastal areas of Dalmatia and Istria. Olive oil production is a traditional industry that has been passed down through generations, and Croatia is increasingly gaining recognition for its high-quality extra virgin olive oils.

The country’s forestry sector also plays an important role in the economy, with extensive forests in the central and northern regions. These forests provide timber and other wood products, which are used both domestically and for export. Croatia is also home to some mineral resources, including bauxite, limestone, and clay, although mining is less significant compared to agriculture and tourism.

Industry and Services

Croatia’s industrial sector is diversified, with significant contributions from manufacturing, energy, and construction. The country has a growing industrial base in machinery production, chemicals, and food processing. The shipbuilding industry is particularly important along the coast, where shipyards produce commercial vessels, yachts, and military ships.

The energy sector is another key part of the Croatian economy, with the country’s reliance on renewable energy sources, such as hydropower and wind, increasing in recent years. Croatia is also a transit country for energy pipelines and has developed infrastructure for oil and natural gas distribution.

The services sector in Croatia is highly developed and includes banking, telecommunications, retail, and, of course, tourism. Tourism is a significant part of the Croatian economy, with millions of visitors attracted annually to the country’s stunning Adriatic coastline, medieval towns, and cultural heritage. The country is particularly popular with European tourists, although international tourism has been increasing steadily.

Government

Political System

Croatia is a democratic republic with a multi-party system, governed by the principles of representative democracy. The country’s political system is based on the Constitution, which defines Croatia as a unitary state with a parliamentary system of government. The president of Croatia is the head of state, and the prime minister is the head of government. The president is elected by direct popular vote for a five-year term and has powers related to foreign policy, defense, and representing Croatia in international organizations. The prime minister, appointed by the president, leads the government and is responsible for domestic affairs and policy implementation.

The legislative branch consists of a unicameral parliament, called the Sabor, which has 151 members. These members are elected for a four-year term through a system of proportional representation. The Sabor is responsible for passing laws, approving budgets, and overseeing the executive branch.

Croatia’s judiciary is independent, with the Supreme Court being the highest court in the country. The judicial system is based on the civil law tradition, and the country has a well-established legal framework that ensures protection of individual rights and freedoms. Croatia is a member of the United Nations, NATO, and the European Union, reflecting its integration into the international community.

Legal System

Croatia’s legal system is based on civil law, which derives from the Roman law tradition. The Croatian constitution, adopted in 1991, guarantees individual rights and freedoms, including freedom of speech, the right to a fair trial, and the protection of property. The judiciary is independent from the executive and legislative branches, although concerns about corruption and inefficiencies in the legal system persist.

The highest court in Croatia is the Supreme Court, and there are also specialized courts for administrative and commercial matters. The country is a member of the European Union and adheres to EU regulations, including in areas related to human rights, trade, and the judiciary. The legal system also provides for the protection of minorities and addresses issues such as gender equality and freedom of expression.

Foreign Relations

Croatia has a strong foreign policy focus on European integration, and it has been a member of the European Union since 2013. The country also joined NATO in 2009, solidifying its position within the Western political and military alliances. Croatia maintains good relations with its neighbors and has worked to improve regional cooperation in the Balkans, particularly with Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, and Montenegro.

The country has also developed strong ties with the United States, Germany, and other EU member states. Croatia’s foreign policy is focused on stability, peacekeeping, and supporting democratic development in the wider region, particularly in the Balkans. Croatia plays an active role in international organizations, including the United Nations, and has hosted numerous diplomatic summits and initiatives aimed at fostering regional cooperation and security.

Culture

Arts and Music

Croatia has a rich cultural heritage that blends influences from Mediterranean, Central European, and Slavic traditions. The country is known for its contributions to music, art, and literature. Croatian music is diverse, with traditional folk music being an important part of the cultural identity. Instruments such as the tambura, violin, and accordion are often featured in traditional music, which varies from region to region.

Croatia has a long tradition of classical music, and many Croatian composers have made significant contributions to European classical music. The country is also known for its contemporary music scene, particularly in the genres of rock, pop, and electronic music. Festivals such as the Zagreb Music Festival and Dubrovnik Summer Festival celebrate Croatian music and culture.

In the visual arts, Croatia is known for its historic paintings, sculptures, and architecture, with many masterpieces stemming from the Middle Ages, the Renaissance, and the Baroque period. Croatian art is also celebrated through modern and contemporary expressions, particularly in the fields of painting and sculpture.

Cuisine

Croatian cuisine reflects the country’s geographic diversity and historical influences from Italy, Hungary, Turkey, and Austria. The coastal areas of Croatia, particularly along the Adriatic Sea, feature Mediterranean cuisine, with an emphasis on seafood, olive oil, fresh herbs, and vegetables. Dishes like pašticada (stewed beef with vegetables) and grilled fish are popular in coastal regions.

Inland Croatia, particularly in regions like Slavonia, is known for hearty, meat-based dishes. Ćevapi (grilled minced meat), sarma (cabbage rolls), and kulen (spicy sausage) are traditional meals in the interior. The Croatian wine industry is also well-established, with many regions producing high-quality wines, such as Plavac Mali from the Dalmatian coast.

Festivals and Traditions

Croatia has a wealth of cultural traditions and festivals that celebrate its history, folklore, and religion. The Dubrovnik Summer Festival is one of the country’s most famous cultural events, featuring theater, music, and dance performances in the stunning setting of the medieval city of Dubrovnik.

Carnival celebrations, known as Maškare, are held in many towns across Croatia, with participants wearing elaborate costumes and masks to celebrate before the beginning of Lent. The Sinj Alka, a traditional knight’s tournament held in the town of Sinj, is another important cultural event that dates back to the 18th century.

Christmas and Easter are widely celebrated throughout Croatia, with unique customs and traditional food associated with these holidays. Religious processions, folk dances, and performances are common during these festivals, reinforcing the importance of family and community in Croatian culture.

Croatia Map

Croatia Map