Chile Facts

by countryaah · Published June 3, 2019 · Updated December 12, 2024

Chile, State of South America; 757,000 km², 18.7 million residents (2019).Chile borders in the north to Peru and in the east to Bolivia and Argentina and has a coast of over 4,200 km towards the Pacific. From the border with Peru in the north to Cape Horn in the south, slightly more than 38 latitudes or over 4,200 km. Chile also includes Juan Fernández Islands and Easter Island in the Pacific. In addition, a wide sector (53 ° –90 ° west longitude) of Antarctica is claimed. The capital is Santiago (4.9 million residents, 2013).

Country facts

Republic of Chile / Republic of Chile
Country abbreviation: CL
Area: 757 000 km²
Population (2019): 18.7 million residents
Capital: Santiago
Main language: Spanish
State: Republic
Head of State and Head of Government: Sebastián Piñera (President)
Per capita GDP (2018): US $ 15,923
GNI per capita (208): US $ 14,670
Currency unit: 1 peso = 100 centavos
Currency code: CLP
Country number (telephony): 56
Internet domain name: cl
Time difference compared to Sweden: −5
National Day: September 18 (Independence Day, 1810)

Nature

Land use: forest (12%), agricultural land (6%), other (72%)
Highest mountain: Ojos del Salado (6 908 m asl)

Population

Population density (2019): 25 residents per km²
Natural population growth (2019): 0.6%; birth rate 12 ‰, death rate 6 ‰
Age structure (2019): 0-14 years (19%), 15-64 (69%), 65- (12%)
Life expectancy (2019): men 77 years, women 83 years
Infant mortality (2019): 7 per 1,000 live births
Population forecast 2050: 22 million residents
HDI (2017): 0.843 (place 44 of 189)
Urbanization rate (2019): 87%
Most populous cities (2013): Santiago (4.9 million residents), Puento Alto (573,900 residents), Viña del Mar (324,800)

Business

Industry’s contribution to GDP (2017): agriculture (4%), industry (33%), service (63%)
Exports (2017): US $ 69,230 million
Main export products: copper, fruit, fish products
Main exporting countries: China, USA, Japan
Imports (2017): US $ 61,310 million
Main import products: oil and oil products, chemicals, machinery
Main importing countries: China, USA, Brazil
Railway network (2014): 7 280 km

Geography

Location and Borders

Chile is a long, narrow country located along the western edge of South America, bordered by the Pacific Ocean to the west and Argentina to the east. To the north, it shares a border with Peru, and to the northeast, it is separated from Bolivia by a small strip of land. Chile’s location along the Pacific coast gives it an important role in maritime trade, with key ports such as Valparaíso and San Antonio. The country spans approximately 4,300 kilometers (2,670 miles) from north to south but has an average width of only about 175 kilometers (109 miles), making it one of the longest north-south countries in the world.

Chile’s diverse geography includes the Atacama Desert in the north, which is one of the driest places on Earth, the central Mediterranean region known for its fertile valleys, and the Patagonia region in the south, which is cold, mountainous, and sparsely populated. This geographical variation contributes to a wide range of climates, ecosystems, and cultural landscapes within the country, which is often described as a land of contrasts.

Topography and Natural Features

Chile’s topography is one of the most varied in the world. To the north, the country is dominated by the Andes mountain range, which runs along the eastern border of Chile and forms a natural barrier with Argentina. The Andes is home to the highest peak in Chile, Ojos del Salado, which reaches 6,893 meters (22,615 feet) above sea level, making it the highest active volcano in the world. The mountains are a key feature of Chile’s landscape and climate, influencing the precipitation patterns and contributing to the varied ecosystems throughout the country.

In the central region, Chile has a temperate climate that supports agriculture, including vineyards that produce some of the world’s most famous wines. The fertile valleys in this region benefit from the convergence of the Andes and the coastal mountains, creating microclimates that foster the production of fruits, vegetables, and wine grapes. Further south, Chile’s geography becomes more rugged and sparsely populated, with dense forests and glaciers found in the Chilean Patagonia region, which stretches to the southern tip of the continent. Patagonia is home to some of the most pristine wilderness areas in the world, including Torres del Paine National Park.

Chile’s coastline, over 4,000 kilometers long, is characterized by rugged cliffs, fjords, and numerous islands. The island of Chiloé, in the south, is known for its traditional wooden churches, cultural heritage, and distinct architecture. Chile’s vast coastline also makes it one of the world’s largest producers of seafood, including fish, shellfish, and seaweed.

Climate and Seasonal Variations

Chile’s climate varies significantly from north to south due to its geography. The northern region is dominated by the Atacama Desert, which has an arid climate with almost no rainfall. Temperatures can reach extremely high levels during the day, but nights can be cold due to the lack of moisture in the air. Despite its dryness, the Atacama Desert is home to an array of life forms that have adapted to extreme conditions, such as cacti and specialized species of lizards and birds.

Further south, the central region of Chile experiences a Mediterranean climate, with hot, dry summers and mild, rainy winters. This climate is ideal for agriculture, particularly wine production, which has become a major industry for the country. The climate in the central region is heavily influenced by the Humboldt Current, a cold oceanic current that flows up the coast of Chile from the south, keeping temperatures moderate in the coastal regions.

As one moves farther south, the climate becomes cooler and wetter, especially in the southern Patagonia region, where temperate rainforests thrive. This region experiences heavy rainfall and cool temperatures throughout the year, contributing to its unique and pristine ecosystems. Chile’s climate patterns are affected by the El Niño phenomenon, which brings periodic changes in weather, particularly in the northern and central regions, sometimes causing droughts or floods.

People

Population and Demographics

Chile has a population of approximately 19 million people, making it one of the most populous countries in South America. The majority of the population is of mixed European and indigenous descent, a result of centuries of colonial rule and immigration. Chile’s indigenous population, primarily composed of Mapuche, Aymara, and other smaller groups, represents around 10% of the total population. Indigenous people in Chile have historically been marginalized, but recent years have seen increased recognition of their rights and cultural contributions.

The population is primarily urban, with over 90% of Chileans living in cities, especially in the capital, Santiago. Santiago is one of the largest cities in Latin America and serves as the political, economic, and cultural center of Chile. Other major cities include Valparaíso, Concepción, Antofagasta, and Temuco. While Santiago has seen rapid urban growth, rural areas in the south and north remain less developed and more sparsely populated.

Chile is a country with relatively high life expectancy, literacy rates, and overall quality of life compared to many other nations in Latin America. This can be attributed to the country’s emphasis on education, healthcare, and social welfare systems. However, Chile still faces issues related to inequality, with some regions, particularly in the southern areas, experiencing higher levels of poverty and lower levels of development.

Languages

Spanish is the official language of Chile and is spoken by nearly the entire population. The Chilean dialect of Spanish is distinct, with certain unique vocabulary, slang, and pronunciation that sets it apart from other Spanish-speaking nations. Chileans are known for speaking quickly and for using local terms and expressions that can be difficult for non-natives to understand. This dialect is often referred to as “Chilean Spanish.”

In addition to Spanish, there are several indigenous languages spoken in Chile, particularly by the Mapuche people in the southern regions. Mapudungun, the language of the Mapuche, is the most widely spoken indigenous language in Chile, though its usage has declined significantly over the years. Other indigenous languages, such as Aymara and Rapa Nui (spoken on Easter Island), are still spoken by smaller populations. The Chilean government has made efforts in recent years to preserve and revitalize these languages, offering courses and educational programs aimed at indigenous communities.

Religion

Chile is predominantly Roman Catholic, with about 60% of the population identifying as Catholic. The Catholic Church has a long history in the country, and its influence can be seen in national holidays, festivals, and social customs. Christianity plays an important role in family life and community activities, and Catholic celebrations such as Christmas, Easter, and religious pilgrimages are widely observed.

In recent years, Protestantism has grown in Chile, especially among evangelical and Pentecostal groups, which now make up around 20% of the population. These Protestant groups have become influential, particularly in rural areas and among lower-income communities. The rise of evangelical Christianity has coincided with a broader trend of religious diversification in the country, as Chile becomes increasingly secular, with a growing number of people identifying as agnostic or atheist.

Despite its Catholic heritage, Chile is a secular country with a constitution that guarantees freedom of religion. The Chilean government has made efforts to ensure religious diversity is respected, and there is a growing trend toward the separation of church and state, particularly in education and politics.

Economy

Overview

Chile has one of the most stable and prosperous economies in South America, with a diverse economic base that includes mining, agriculture, manufacturing, and services. The country has a high standard of living compared to most other Latin American nations, and its economic performance has been driven by a commitment to free-market reforms, privatization, and international trade. Chile is a member of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and has one of the highest GDP per capita in the region.

The Chilean economy is highly export-oriented, with key industries including copper mining, wine production, agriculture, and forestry. Chile’s economy has benefited from strong global demand for copper, and the country is the largest producer of copper in the world. Additionally, the country’s agricultural exports, particularly fruit, wine, and fish products, have contributed significantly to its economic growth. Chile has also made strides in developing a strong services sector, with an emphasis on finance, retail, and telecommunications.

Despite these economic achievements, Chile faces challenges related to inequality, regional disparities, and environmental sustainability. The wealth generated by the country’s mining and agricultural sectors has not been evenly distributed, and rural areas continue to struggle with poverty and lack of access to services. Chile also faces pressure to diversify its economy, especially as global demand for copper fluctuates.

Mining and Natural Resources

Chile’s economy is heavily reliant on its natural resources, particularly copper. The country is the world’s leading copper producer, accounting for approximately one-third of global production. Copper mining has been a major driver of Chile’s economic growth, attracting both foreign and domestic investment. The country’s copper mines are concentrated in the northern regions, with large operations such as Codelco, the state-owned mining company, and private companies like BHP Billiton and Anglo American.

In addition to copper, Chile is rich in other minerals, including lithium, which is in high demand for electric vehicle batteries and renewable energy storage. The country’s lithium reserves are among the largest in the world, and its lithium production is poised to grow as the global demand for electric vehicles increases. Chile also produces significant amounts of molybdenum, gold, and silver.

Agriculture is another important sector in Chile’s economy, with the country being one of the largest exporters of fruit, including grapes, apples, and berries. The country’s wine industry is also renowned globally, with Chile being one of the top wine exporters in the world. The Mediterranean climate of central Chile provides ideal conditions for viticulture, and the country’s wine industry has become a key part of its global reputation.

Services and Industry

Chile’s industrial sector is diversified, including manufacturing, food processing, and forestry. The country is a significant exporter of timber, wood products, and paper, especially from the southern regions where vast forests are located. The manufacturing sector also produces textiles, chemicals, and electronics, although it is relatively small compared to the mining and agricultural sectors.

The services sector in Chile is well-developed, with finance, retail, and telecommunications playing key roles in the economy. Santiago is the financial center of Chile, home to a number of multinational companies and financial institutions. The country’s telecommunications industry has grown rapidly in recent years, with widespread access to mobile phones and the internet. Chile has also developed a strong tourism sector, attracting visitors with its diverse landscapes, rich cultural heritage, and world-class wineries.

Trade and International Relations

Chile has one of the most open economies in the world, with a strong commitment to free trade and market-oriented policies. The country has signed a series of free trade agreements (FTAs) with major global partners, including the United States, the European Union, China, and several Latin American countries. These trade agreements have helped Chile integrate into the global economy and expand its exports.

The country’s main exports include copper, fruit, wine, fish products, and wood. Chile’s primary trade partners include China, the United States, and Japan, followed by countries in the European Union. In addition to its mining exports, Chile is one of the world’s top exporters of agricultural products, particularly fruit, with an emphasis on grapes, apples, berries, and citrus.

Chile’s economy is also closely tied to its mining industry, and the country faces the challenge of ensuring the sustainability of its natural resource-based economy. The government has undertaken efforts to diversify its economic base, particularly by fostering innovation in technology and renewable energy, as well as improving its education and research sectors.

Government

Political System

Chile is a presidential republic, with a political system based on the Constitution of 1980, which was reformed in 2005. The president is both the head of state and head of government, elected for a four-year term. The president has significant powers, including control over the executive branch, the military, and foreign policy. The president’s role is complemented by a bicameral legislature, consisting of the Senate and the Chamber of Deputies.

The Senate is composed of 43 members who serve eight-year terms, while the Chamber of Deputies consists of 155 members who serve four-year terms. Elections are held every four years, with the most recent presidential election in 2021, which saw Gabriel Boric of the left-wing party winning the presidency.

Chile’s political system is marked by a high level of political stability compared to many other Latin American countries, but it has also experienced significant social unrest in recent years. Protests, particularly those related to inequality, access to public services, and constitutional reforms, have been a major part of the country’s political landscape, with the 2019 protests calling for major changes to the Chilean constitution.

Legal System

Chile’s legal system is based on civil law, with a strong tradition of judicial independence. The judiciary is divided into the Supreme Court, regional courts of appeal, and various specialized courts. Chile’s legal system is known for its efficiency, although there are occasional criticisms regarding the accessibility of legal services, particularly for lower-income individuals.

Chile is a member of the International Court of Justice and has ratified numerous international treaties related to human rights, environmental protection, and trade. Despite a relatively strong legal framework, issues such as corruption and human rights violations persist in certain areas.

Foreign Relations

Chile has a history of active participation in international organizations, including the United Nations, the Organization of American States, and the Pacific Alliance. The country’s foreign policy is focused on maintaining good relations with its neighbors, particularly Argentina, Peru, and Bolivia, and expanding its influence in global trade and diplomacy. Chile is one of the founding members of the Pacific Alliance, a trade bloc that promotes economic integration among member countries.

Despite its relatively small size, Chile plays a significant role in regional politics and is often regarded as one of the most stable democracies in Latin America. The country’s strong economic performance and commitment to free-market reforms have made it a model for other countries in the region. However, Chile’s relations with Bolivia have been strained due to a long-standing territorial dispute over access to the Pacific Ocean, which has been a source of tension for over a century.

Culture

Arts and Music

Chile’s cultural heritage is a blend of indigenous traditions and European influences, particularly from Spain. Chilean art, literature, and music reflect this fusion, with indigenous influences playing a major role in the country’s cultural expression. Chile is home to several prominent writers, such as Pablo Neruda, who won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1971. Neruda’s poetry and political activism made him one of the most important literary figures in Latin America.

Chile is also known for its vibrant music scene, which encompasses a wide range of genres, including folk music, rock, jazz, and pop. Traditional Chilean folk music is characterized by the use of instruments such as the guitar, quena, and charango, and is often linked to the country’s rural heritage. Nueva Canción, a movement that emerged in the 1960s, combined folk music with political activism and played an important role in shaping Chile’s cultural identity.

Cuisine

Chilean cuisine reflects the country’s geography and agricultural products, incorporating a wide variety of seafood, fruits, vegetables, and meats. The country’s coastal location has led to the popularity of seafood dishes, with fish like salmon, trout, and sea bass being staples in Chilean cuisine. The country is also known for its traditional dishes, such as “empanadas” (pastry filled with meat, cheese, or seafood) and “pastel de choclo” (a corn pie with a filling of meat, onions, and olives).

Chilean wine is internationally recognized, with the country’s wine regions being some of the best in the world. Wine is deeply embedded in Chile’s culture, and drinking wine with meals is a common practice. In addition to wine, Chileans enjoy “mote con huesillos”, a traditional drink made from peaches and husked wheat, especially during the summer.

Festivals and Traditions

Chile has a rich tradition of festivals, many of which are linked to the country’s Catholic heritage. The Fiesta de la Tirana, held in the north, is one of the most important religious festivals, attracting thousands of pilgrims who celebrate with music, dance, and processions. The Fiestas Patrias in September commemorate Chile’s independence, and the celebrations are marked by parades, traditional dancing, and music.

The Valparaíso Carnival, held annually in the coastal city of Valparaíso, is another significant cultural event, featuring vibrant parades, music, and art that reflect Chile’s diverse heritage. In addition to these cultural celebrations, Chileans have a strong tradition of family gatherings, particularly during Christmas and New Year’s Eve, where food, music, and dancing play a central role in social life.