Tunisia Facts

by countryaah · Published June 3, 2019 · Updated December 12, 2024

Tunisia, state of North Africa; 164,000 km², 11.6 million residents (2019).Tunisia borders in the west to Algeria and in the southeast to Libya and has the north and east coast to the Mediterranean. The capital is Tunis.

Country facts

Al-Jumhūriyya at-Tunisiyya / Republic of Tunisia
Country abbreviation: TN
Area: 164 000 km²
Population (2019): 11.6 million residents
Capital: Tunis
Main languages: Arabic, French
State: Republic
Head of State: Kaïs Saïed (President)
Head of Government: Youssef Chahed
Per capita GDP (2018): US $ 3,447
GNI per capita (2018): US $ 3,500
Currency unit: 1 dinar = 1,000 millimes
Currency code: TND
Country number (telephony): 216
Internet Domain Name: tn
Time difference compared to Sweden: 0
National Day: March 20 (Independence Day, 1956)

Nature

Land use: agricultural land (32%), other (68%)
Highest mountain: Jabal Shambi (1,554 m asl)
Largest lake: Shatt al-Jarid (4,900 km² )

Population

Population density (2019): 71 residents per km²
Natural population growth (2019): 1.1%; birth rate 17 ‰, death figure 6 ‰
Age structure (2019): 0-14 years (25%), 15-64 (67%), 65- (8%)
Average life expectancy (2019): men 75 years, women 78 years
Infant mortality (2019): 14 per 1,000 live births
Population forecast 2050: 13 million residents
HDI (2017): 0.735 (place 95 of 189)
Urbanization rate (2019): 68%
Most populous city (2014): Tunis (747,200 residents)

Business

Industry’s contribution to GDP (2017): agriculture (10%), industry (26%), service (64%)
Exports of goods (2017): US $ 13,820 million
Main export products: textiles, agricultural products, phosphate
Main exporting countries: France, Italy, Germany
Imports of goods (2017): US $ 19,090 million
Main import products: textiles, machinery, chemicals
Main importing countries: Italy, France, China
Railway network (2014): 2,200 km

Geography of Tunisia

Location and Borders

Tunisia is located in North Africa, bordering the Mediterranean Sea to the north and east, Algeria to the west, and Libya to the southeast. It is the northernmost country in Africa and spans an area of 163,610 square kilometers (63,170 square miles). Its strategic location places it at the crossroads of Europe, the Middle East, and sub-Saharan Africa.

Landscape

Tunisia’s diverse geography consists of coastal plains, mountain ranges, and vast deserts. The northern part of the country is characterized by fertile plains and rolling hills. The Tell Atlas mountain range runs across the northwest, with Jebel ech Chambi being the highest peak at 1,544 meters (5,066 feet). Further south, the terrain transitions into the arid and semi-arid regions of the Sahara Desert, which dominates much of the southern part of the country.

The country’s coastline along the Mediterranean stretches over 1,200 kilometers and includes several natural harbors, such as the Gulf of Tunis, making Tunisia an important maritime nation. In addition to the coastline, Tunisia is home to several islands, such as the Kerkennah Islands and the Djerba Island, located in the Mediterranean Sea.

Water Bodies

Tunisia is home to several significant rivers and lakes, though many of them are seasonal. The Medjerda River, the longest river in Tunisia, flows from the northwest to the northeast, draining into the Mediterranean Sea. Other smaller rivers and streams serve as important water sources for the country. Lake Chott el Jerid, the largest salt flat in the country, is located in the south, and is a key geographical feature of the region.

Climate of Tunisia

Mediterranean Climate

Tunisia’s climate is largely Mediterranean, characterized by hot, dry summers and mild, wet winters. The coastal areas enjoy a pleasant climate with moderate temperatures, particularly in the capital, Tunis, where temperatures in summer can rise to about 30°C (86°F) and in winter, drop to around 10°C (50°F).

Arid Desert Climate

The further inland you go, the more arid and extreme the climate becomes. The southern and central parts of Tunisia experience a desert climate with extremely hot summers and very little rainfall. Average summer temperatures in the desert can exceed 40°C (104°F), while winters are much cooler, with temperatures often dipping below freezing. The lack of rainfall in the south leads to a semi-arid environment, with limited agricultural activity in the region.

Rainfall and Temperature Variations

Tunisia’s northern regions receive more rainfall, especially in the winter, ranging from 400 to 1,000 millimeters annually. In contrast, the southern regions experience significantly less precipitation, with the Sahara Desert receiving less than 50 millimeters of rainfall per year. The temperature variation across the country is considerable, with coastal areas remaining relatively stable, while inland regions can see temperature extremes.

People of Tunisia

Population and Demographics

Tunisia has an estimated population of around 12 million people, making it one of the most densely populated countries in the Arab world. The population is ethnically homogeneous, with Arabs and Berbers comprising the majority of the population. The country has a small number of minority groups, including Europeans, primarily French, and sub-Saharan Africans.

Arabic is the official language of Tunisia, with a Tunisian dialect of Arabic spoken by the majority of the population. French is also widely spoken and used in government, business, and education due to the historical influence of French colonialism. Additionally, the Berber language, though less widely spoken today, is still used in some rural regions, particularly in southern Tunisia.

Religion

The predominant religion in Tunisia is Islam, with almost 99% of the population being Muslim, primarily Sunni. Tunisia has a rich Islamic heritage, and the country is home to several important Islamic sites. There is also a small minority of Christians, mostly among foreign residents, as well as a small Jewish community. Tunisia is known for its religious tolerance, and the government upholds secular policies despite the Islamic majority.

Urbanization and Rural Life

Tunisia has witnessed significant urbanization in recent decades, with a large portion of the population living in urban areas, particularly in the capital, Tunis, and other major cities like Sfax, Sousse, and Kairouan. Rural areas, especially in the south, remain less developed, and much of the population still relies on agriculture for their livelihood.

Economy of Tunisia

Key Economic Sectors

Tunisia has a mixed economy, with sectors like agriculture, mining, manufacturing, and services playing significant roles. Agriculture remains important, providing employment for around 15% of the population and contributing to the country’s food security. Tunisia is one of the world’s largest producers of olive oil, and other key agricultural products include citrus fruits, dates, and grains.

The country also has substantial mineral resources, with phosphates being a major export. Tunisia is one of the world’s largest producers of phosphates, which are primarily used in fertilizers. The mining sector also includes salt, iron ore, and lead, although these resources are not as significant in terms of global production.

Tourism is a critical sector for Tunisia, with millions of visitors annually drawn to its Mediterranean beaches, ancient ruins, and vibrant culture. The country is home to several UNESCO World Heritage Sites, such as the ancient city of Carthage and the Medina of Tunis, which contribute to the tourism industry. Despite some setbacks due to security concerns, tourism remains one of the key drivers of Tunisia’s economy.

Industry and Manufacturing

Tunisia has a relatively well-developed industrial sector, with the manufacturing of textiles, clothing, and electrical products being important contributors. The country is known for its textile exports, which are a significant part of the economy. Tunisia has also become a regional hub for automotive parts manufacturing, as well as other light industries such as food processing and chemical production.

Challenges and Economic Reforms

Tunisia faces several economic challenges, including high unemployment rates, particularly among the youth, inflation, and income inequality. The country has been working toward economic reforms, focusing on enhancing the business climate, improving infrastructure, and diversifying the economy away from its dependence on agriculture and tourism. Tunisia has also been working to attract foreign investment, particularly in sectors like renewable energy and technology.

Government and Politics

Political Structure

Tunisia is a republic with a semi-presidential system of government, which was established after the 2011 revolution. The country’s political system is based on the Constitution of 2014, which ensures a separation of powers among the executive, legislative, and judicial branches. The President of Tunisia serves as the head of state, while the Prime Minister is the head of government. The President is elected through popular vote, while the Prime Minister is appointed by the President and must maintain the confidence of the legislature.

Legislative Branch

The legislative power in Tunisia is vested in a bicameral parliament, consisting of the Assembly of People’s Representatives (lower house) and the Council of Regions (upper house). The members of the Assembly of People’s Representatives are elected through proportional representation. The Council of Regions is intended to represent Tunisia’s regional diversity, but it has yet to be fully operational.

History of Governance

Tunisia’s political history has been marked by several shifts, particularly following its independence from France in 1956. Habib Bourguiba, the first President of Tunisia, ushered in a period of modernization and secularization. After Bourguiba’s deposition in 1987, Zine El Abidine Ben Ali took power and ruled for over two decades. His regime, though initially supported for its stability and economic growth, became increasingly autocratic, leading to widespread discontent. This culminated in the 2011 Tunisian Revolution, which triggered the Arab Spring and resulted in the establishment of a more democratic political system.

Recent Political Developments

Since the revolution, Tunisia has made significant strides toward establishing democratic institutions. Free and fair elections have been held, and political parties representing a wide spectrum of ideologies now compete in the political arena. However, the country continues to face challenges, including political instability, security concerns, and economic struggles.

Culture of Tunisia

Arts and Architecture

Tunisia boasts a rich cultural heritage, influenced by its history of Arab, Berber, Ottoman, and French colonialism. This blend of cultural influences is evident in the country’s architecture, arts, and crafts. Tunisia’s cities, particularly Tunis and Kairouan, are known for their stunning mosques, medinas, and palaces. The Great Mosque of Kairouan and the ancient ruins of Carthage are prime examples of Tunisia’s architectural heritage.

In the arts, Tunisia has a vibrant tradition of music, dance, and theater. Traditional music, such as the Ma’luf style, is still widely performed, though contemporary genres like pop and hip-hop have gained popularity in recent years. The country also hosts various festivals, including the Carthage Film Festival, which attracts filmmakers and cinephiles from around the world.

Cuisine

Tunisia’s cuisine reflects its Mediterranean and Arab heritage, with a variety of spices, fresh vegetables, and meats. Couscous is a staple dish, often served with lamb, chicken, or vegetables. Tunisia is also famous for its spicy dishes, such as harissa, a chili paste that adds heat and flavor to many meals. Seafood is abundant along the coast, and dates, olives, and figs are key ingredients in Tunisian cuisine.

Festivals and Traditions

Tunisia celebrates a range of religious, national, and cultural festivals. The most important religious celebrations include Eid al-Fitr and Eid al-Adha, which are observed by Muslims across the country. Tunisia’s Independence Day on March 20th and the Revolution Day on January 14th are key national holidays, marked with patriotic displays and celebrations. Traditional dances, music performances, and craft exhibitions are part of these festivities.

Language and Literature

Tunisian literature is a product of the country’s diverse cultural influences. Writers like Aboul-Qacem Echebbi and Tahar Haddad have played an important role in shaping Tunisia’s literary landscape. In modern times, Tunisian authors continue to explore themes of identity, social change, and politics. Arabic and French are the main languages used in literary works, with many authors publishing in both.

History of Tunisia

Ancient Tunisia and Carthage

Tunisia’s history dates back to ancient times, with the region being inhabited by Berber tribes long before the arrival of Phoenician settlers. The most significant ancient civilization in Tunisia was the Phoenician city-state of Carthage, founded in the 9th century BCE. Carthage became a powerful empire and rivaled Rome in the Mediterranean. The Punic Wars (264-146 BCE) were pivotal in the history of Tunisia, culminating in the destruction of Carthage by the Romans in 146 BCE.

Roman and Arab Rule

After the fall of Carthage, Tunisia became part of the Roman Empire and flourished as a Roman province. The Romans built extensive infrastructure, including roads, aqueducts, and amphitheaters, much of which still remains today. In the 7th century, Arab forces conquered Tunisia, introducing Islam and Arabic culture to the region.

Ottoman Rule and French Colonization

Tunisia became part of the Ottoman Empire in the 16th century, but its status as a semi-autonomous beylical state allowed for a degree of independence. In the late 19th century, Tunisia became a French protectorate, and the country remained under French control until it gained independence in 1956.

Modern Tunisia

After gaining independence, Tunisia underwent significant social and political changes. President Habib Bourguiba led the country through modernization, secularization, and economic development. However, his long rule was followed by a period of authoritarian governance under President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, which ended with the 2011 revolution. Since then, Tunisia has worked toward building democratic institutions, though it continues to face challenges on the political and economic fronts.