Morocco Facts

Morocco, state of northern Africa; 459,000 km² (excluding Western Sahara), 36 million residents (2019).Morocco borders east and south-east to Algeria and south to western Sahara, which the country has occupied since 1976, as well as the coast towards the Atlantic and the Mediterranean. The border with Algeria is partly unregulated. Morocco claims the two Spanish enclaves Ceuta and Melilla on the Mediterranean (together 32 km ² ). The capital is Rabat (577,800 residents, 2015).

Country facts

• al-Mamlaka al-Maghribiyya / Kingdom of Morocco
• Country abbreviation: MA
• Area: 459 000 km²
• Population (2019): 36 million residents
• Capital: Discount
• Main languages: Arabic, French
• State: Monarchy
• Head of State: Muhammad VI (King)
• Head of Government: Saadeddine Othmani
• Per capita GDP (2018): US $ 3,238
• GNI per capita (2018): US $ 3,090
• Currency unit: 1 dirham = 100 centimes
• Currency code: MAD
• Country number (telephony): 212
• Internet domain name: ma
• Time difference compared to Sweden: −1
• National Day: July 30 (in memory of King Muhammad VI ‘s coronation, 1999)
• Independence Day: March 2, 1956

Nature

• Land use: forest (18%), agricultural land (22%), other (60%)
• Highest mountain: Toubkal (4 165 m asl)

Population

• Population density (2019): 78 residents per km²
• Natural population growth (2019): 1.2%; birth number 17 ‰, death number 5 ‰
• Age structure (2019): 0-14 years (26%), 15-64 (67%), 65- (7%)
• Average life expectancy (2019): men 75 years, women 78 years
• Infant mortality (2019): 20 per 1,000 live births
• Population forecast 2050: 44 million residents
• HDI (2017): 0.667 (place 123 of 189)
• Urbanization rate (2019): 63%
• Most populous cities (2015): Casablanca (3.4 million residents), Fès (1.1 million), Tangier (948,000)

Business

• Industry’s contribution to GDP (2017): agriculture (14%), industry (30%), service (56%)
• Exports of goods (2017): US $ 21,480 million
• Main export products: clothing and textiles, cars, electrical components, raw phosphate
• Main exporting countries: Spain, France, India
• Imports of goods (2017): US $ 39,640 million
• Main import products: oil, textiles, communication equipment
• Main importing countries: Spain, France, China
• Railway network (2014): 2,000 km

Geography of Morocco

Location

Morocco is located in North Africa, bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the west, the Mediterranean Sea to the north, Algeria to the east, and Western Sahara to the south. It is strategically positioned at the crossroads of Europe and Africa, with close proximity to Spain across the Strait of Gibraltar. This geographic location has historically made Morocco a center of trade and cultural exchange. The country covers approximately 710,850 square kilometers (274,460 square miles), making it the 40th largest country in the world.

Topography

Morocco’s topography is diverse, encompassing coastal plains, mountain ranges, and vast deserts. The Atlas Mountains run diagonally through the center of the country from the southwest to the northeast, creating a natural divide between the coastal plains and the Sahara Desert to the south. These mountains are home to various Berber communities and offer a rich variety of landscapes, including rugged peaks, fertile valleys, and alpine meadows. To the north, the Rif Mountains form another important geographical feature, separating the northern plains from the Mediterranean coastline.

The country’s coastal plains are characterized by fertile land that supports agriculture, especially in the northwest, where the capital city of Rabat is located. To the south, the terrain transitions into the vast Sahara Desert, a region dominated by sand dunes, oases, and rocky plateaus. Morocco’s southern border is defined by the disputed territory of Western Sahara, where the desert landscape predominates.

Rivers and Water Bodies

Morocco has several important rivers, although water resources are relatively limited in the country. The largest river, the Oum er-Rbia, flows from the Atlas Mountains in the east and empties into the Atlantic Ocean. The Sebou River, located in the northwest, is another important waterway. These rivers are crucial for irrigation in Morocco’s agricultural regions. The country also has several lakes, including the Bin el Ouidane and the Al Massira reservoir, both of which are important for water storage and hydropower generation.

Natural Resources

Morocco is rich in natural resources, particularly phosphates, for which it is one of the world’s leading producers. Phosphates are used primarily in fertilizers, and Morocco’s phosphate reserves are some of the largest in the world. The country also has significant deposits of coal, iron ore, and other minerals. Morocco’s coastline is an important resource for fishing, particularly for sardines and other seafood, which are both consumed domestically and exported.

Climate of Morocco

Mediterranean and Desert Climate Zones

Morocco has a diverse climate due to its varied topography. The coastal areas, particularly in the north, experience a Mediterranean climate with mild, wet winters and hot, dry summers. The temperature ranges from 15°C (59°F) in the winter to 30°C (86°F) in the summer along the coast. This climate is ideal for the cultivation of citrus fruits, olives, and vegetables, which are important crops in Morocco’s agricultural sector.

Inland areas and those located at higher elevations, such as the Atlas Mountains, experience more extreme weather. The mountains have a Mediterranean climate at lower altitudes but a continental climate at higher elevations. Winters can be cold, with temperatures dropping below freezing, and snowfall is common in the mountain regions. These areas are important for Morocco’s water resources and agricultural activities, as the melting snow provides irrigation water during the dry summer months.

Sahara Desert Climate

The southern and southeastern parts of Morocco are dominated by the Sahara Desert, where the climate is arid and extreme. The temperature can exceed 40°C (104°F) during the summer months, and rainfall is minimal, often averaging less than 100 millimeters (4 inches) per year. This harsh climate has shaped the lifestyles of Morocco’s Berber and Bedouin populations, who have adapted to life in the desert by relying on oases and nomadic herding.

Rainfall and Seasonal Variability

Rainfall in Morocco is highly variable, with the coastal regions receiving the most precipitation, especially during the winter months. The interior and southern areas receive significantly less rainfall, contributing to the country’s overall water scarcity. The country faces recurring droughts, particularly in the agricultural regions of the interior, which have a significant impact on crop production and water availability. The rainy season is essential for replenishing water supplies and ensuring the success of Morocco’s farming activities.

People of Morocco

Population

Morocco has a population of approximately 37 million people, making it the 40th most populous country in the world. The population is concentrated in the coastal cities and the fertile plains in the north and west, where the country’s major urban centers, such as Casablanca, Rabat, and Marrakesh, are located. The capital city, Rabat, is the political and administrative center of the country, while Casablanca, the largest city, serves as the economic hub. Other important cities include Fes, Tangier, and Agadir.

Ethnic Composition

Morocco is a culturally diverse country with a rich mix of ethnicities. The majority of the population is Arab-Berber, with a long history of intermingling between Arab and indigenous Berber groups. Berbers, also known as Imazighen, are the indigenous people of Morocco and have a distinct language, culture, and history that predate the Arab influence. Arab settlers arrived in Morocco during the 7th century as part of the Arab expansion, and over time, the two groups merged, creating the Arab-Berber identity that is dominant in the country today.

There are also significant populations of other ethnic groups, including people of sub-Saharan African descent, particularly in the southern and central regions. The Jewish community, which has a long history in Morocco, is now small but still present, especially in cities like Casablanca. Other minority groups include expatriates from Europe and the Middle East.

Language

The official languages of Morocco are Arabic and Berber (Tamazight). Arabic, specifically Modern Standard Arabic, is used in government, education, and the media. The Moroccan Arabic dialect, known as Darija, is spoken by the vast majority of the population and is a mix of Arabic, Berber, French, and Spanish. Berber languages are also widely spoken, particularly in rural areas and the Atlas Mountains, where Berber culture is most prominent. French is often used in business, science, and education, as Morocco was a French protectorate until 1956. Additionally, Spanish is spoken in parts of northern Morocco, particularly in the cities of Tangier and Tetouan, due to historical Spanish influence.

Religion

Islam is the dominant religion in Morocco, with nearly all of the population adhering to the faith. The majority of Moroccans are Sunni Muslims, following the Maliki school of jurisprudence. Islam is deeply integrated into Moroccan culture and daily life, with practices such as prayer, fasting during Ramadan, and the celebration of Islamic holidays like Eid al-Fitr and Eid al-Adha being widespread.

Morocco is known for its tolerance toward other religions, and there is a small Jewish community, as well as a number of Christians, particularly among expatriates and in urban areas. While Morocco’s constitution guarantees freedom of religion, there are societal pressures, and proselytism of non-Muslim faiths is prohibited. The country’s religious landscape is also influenced by Sufism, which is a mystical Islamic tradition that has shaped Moroccan culture and spirituality.

Economy of Morocco

Key Industries

Morocco has a diverse economy, with key sectors including agriculture, mining, manufacturing, and services. The agricultural sector remains an essential part of the economy, employing a significant portion of the population. Morocco is a major producer of crops such as citrus fruits, olives, tomatoes, and barley. The country is one of the world’s leading exporters of phosphates, which are used primarily in fertilizer production. Phosphate mining is a critical component of the economy, with Morocco controlling a large portion of the world’s reserves.

In addition to mining, Morocco’s manufacturing sector is growing, particularly in textiles, clothing, and chemicals. The country has a well-developed automotive and aerospace industry, with several multinational companies establishing production facilities in the country. Morocco also has a growing tourism industry, which contributes significantly to the economy, drawing millions of visitors annually to cities like Marrakesh, Fez, and Casablanca, as well as to its coastal resorts and historic sites.

Agriculture and Fishing

Agriculture is crucial for Morocco’s rural economy, with crops such as cereals, fruits, and vegetables being important for both domestic consumption and export. The country also has a large fishing industry, particularly in the Atlantic and Mediterranean waters. Morocco is one of the world’s largest exporters of sardines and other seafood, and the fishing sector plays an important role in employment, especially in coastal cities like Agadir and Essaouira. However, the sector faces challenges due to overfishing and resource depletion.

Trade and Global Relations

Morocco’s economy is open and export-oriented, with the European Union being its largest trading partner. The country also has strong economic ties with the United States, and it has signed a free trade agreement with the U.S. Morocco’s agricultural exports, including fruits and vegetables, textiles, and phosphates, are key contributors to the country’s foreign earnings. The country’s geographical location as a gateway between Europe, Africa, and the Middle East has made it a key trade partner for many nations.

Economic Challenges

Despite its diverse economy, Morocco faces significant challenges, particularly high unemployment rates, especially among youth, and regional disparities in wealth. The rural population remains largely dependent on agriculture, and poverty is concentrated in rural areas, while urban centers experience more economic growth and development. Income inequality and a reliance on phosphate exports expose Morocco to fluctuations in global commodity prices. Furthermore, the country faces challenges related to water scarcity, environmental degradation, and the impacts of climate change.

Government of Morocco

Political System

Morocco is a constitutional monarchy with an elected parliament. The King of Morocco, currently King Mohammed VI, holds significant political power, and the monarchy is the central authority in the country. While Morocco has a constitution that outlines the roles of the king, the parliament, and the prime minister, the king retains control over key areas of governance, including the military, foreign policy, and religious affairs. The political system allows for parliamentary elections, but the monarchy remains the dominant force in the country’s governance.

Executive Branch

The executive branch is led by the king, who holds the title of “Commander of the Faithful” and has significant authority over the government. The king appoints the prime minister, who is the head of government and is responsible for running the day-to-day operations of the state. The prime minister leads the Council of Ministers, which is composed of ministers responsible for various sectors such as finance, education, and health. The king’s powers extend beyond the executive branch, with the monarch having the authority to dissolve the parliament, appoint judges, and enact laws by decree.

Legislative Branch

The legislative branch consists of a bicameral parliament, with the House of Representatives and the House of Councillors. The House of Representatives is the lower house and is made up of 395 members, who are elected by direct vote for a five-year term. The House of Councillors is the upper house, with 120 members elected for a six-year term. The parliament is responsible for enacting laws, approving the budget, and holding the executive branch accountable, although the king retains the final say on key matters.

Judiciary

Morocco has an independent judiciary, which is responsible for interpreting laws and ensuring justice. The judicial system is based on Islamic law, civil law, and customary law. The highest court in the country is the Court of Cassation, which handles appeals and constitutional matters. Morocco’s legal system is based on French civil law, with Islamic law playing a significant role, particularly in matters related to family law and personal status. There have been ongoing efforts to reform the judiciary to ensure independence and improve the rule of law.

Culture of Morocco

Traditional Culture

Morocco has a rich cultural heritage that blends Arab, Berber, and European influences. The Berbers, also known as the Imazighen, are the indigenous people of Morocco and have had a profound influence on the country’s culture, language, and traditions. Morocco’s Islamic heritage is also a central aspect of its culture, and many traditions are shaped by Islamic values and practices. The country’s architecture, art, music, and cuisine are all deeply intertwined with its diverse cultural influences.

Art and Architecture

Moroccan art is known for its intricate designs, particularly in ceramics, textiles, and metalwork. The architecture of Morocco is famous for its use of vibrant colors, geometric patterns, and ornamental details. Traditional Moroccan architecture is seen in the country’s many palaces, mosques, and riads (traditional houses with courtyards). The medinas of cities like Fes, Marrakesh, and Rabat are UNESCO World Heritage Sites and feature traditional Moroccan architecture. The country’s art is also influenced by its Islamic history, with calligraphy and tile work being common elements.

Music and Dance

Music is an important part of Moroccan culture, with diverse regional styles that reflect the country’s ethnic and cultural variety. Traditional music includes Andalusian classical music, which originated from Spain, as well as Gnawa music, which has African roots. Moroccan folk music and dance, such as the Aita, are commonly performed at festivals and celebrations. Contemporary music in Morocco includes pop, rap, and fusion genres, and Moroccan artists have gained international recognition.

Cuisine

Moroccan cuisine is known for its flavorful and aromatic dishes, with a mix of Berber, Arab, and Mediterranean influences. The use of spices, such as saffron, cumin, coriander, and cinnamon, is a hallmark of Moroccan cooking. Tagine, a slow-cooked stew made with meat, vegetables, and fruits, is one of the country’s signature dishes. Couscous, a dish made from steamed semolina, is also widely consumed. Moroccan cuisine also includes a variety of sweets and pastries, such as baklava and chebakia, often enjoyed during celebrations like Ramadan.

History of Morocco

Early History

The history of Morocco dates back to ancient times, with evidence of human habitation going back to prehistoric times. The region was home to the Berber tribes, who established several early civilizations, including the Carthaginian and Roman empires. The Phoenicians, and later the Romans, established trading posts along Morocco’s coast, and the region became part of the Roman Empire in the 1st century BCE. The fall of the Roman Empire led to the arrival of Arab traders and conquerors in the 7th century, bringing Islam to Morocco and marking the beginning of a new era in the country’s history.

Islamic and Colonial Periods

In the centuries that followed, Morocco became a powerful center of Islamic culture and learning. The country was ruled by a series of dynasties, including the Almoravid, Almohad, and Merinid dynasties, who expanded the country’s territory and influence. Morocco’s strategic location along trade routes made it an important center for commerce and culture. In the 19th century, Morocco faced increasing pressure from European colonial powers. France and Spain took control of parts of Morocco, and the country became a French protectorate in 1912, with Spain controlling the northern regions.

Independence and Modern Morocco

After decades of struggle and nationalist movements, Morocco gained independence from France on March 2, 1956. The country was united under the leadership of King Mohammed V, who played a key role in securing independence. Since independence, Morocco has been ruled by the Alawite dynasty, with successive kings continuing to modernize the country while maintaining a strong connection to its cultural heritage. King Hassan II, who ruled from 1961 to 1999, oversaw a period of modernization and political reform, and his son, King Mohammed VI, has focused on economic development, social reforms, and human rights.

Today, Morocco is a constitutional monarchy with a growing economy and a vibrant culture, but it still faces challenges related to poverty, unemployment, and political reform. The ongoing dispute over Western Sahara remains a central issue in the country’s foreign policy, with Morocco maintaining control over much of the region despite international calls for a referendum on independence.

Morocco Map