Moldova Facts
Moldova, State of Southeastern Europe; 33,800 km², 3.5 million residents (2019).Moldova borders Ukraine, north, east and south, and Romania to the west. The capital is Chișinău (493,000 residents, 2014).
Country facts
- Republica Moldova / Republic of Moldova
- Country abbreviation: MD
- Area: 33 800 km²
- Population (2019): 3.5 million residents
- Capital: Chișinău
- Main languages: Romanian (Moldovan)
- State: Republic
- Head of State: Igor Dodon
- Head of Government: Ion Chicu
- Per capita GDP (2018): US $ 3 189
- GNI per capita (2018): US $ 2,990
- Currency unit: 1 leu = 100 bani
- Currency code: MDL
- Country number (telephony): 373
- Internet domain name: md
- Time difference compared to Sweden: +1
- National Day: August 27 (Independence Day, 1991)
Nature
- Land use: forest (11%), agricultural land (76%), other (13%)
- Highest mountain: Bălăneşti (429 m asl)
- Longest river: Nistru (Dnestr) (1,370 km)
Population
- Population density (2019): 104 residents per km²
- Natural population growth (2019): 0%; birth rate 10 ‰, death rate 10 ‰
- Age structure (2019): 0-14 years (16%), 15-64 (72%), 65- (12%)
- Average life expectancy (2019): men 69 years, women 77 years
- Infant mortality (2019): 10 per 1,000 live births
- Population forecast 2050: 3 million residents
- HDI (2017): 0.700 (place 112 of 189)
- Urbanization rate (2019): 43%
- Most populous cities (2014): Chișinău (493,000 residents), Tiraspol (133,800), Băltși (105,000).
Business
- Industry’s contribution to GDP (2017): agriculture (18%), industry (20%), service (62%)
- Exports (2017): US $ 1,858 million
- Main export products: food, textiles, machinery
- Main exporting countries: Romania, Russian Federation, Italy
- Imports (2017): US $ 4 427 million
- Main import products: oil, machinery, chemicals
- Main importing countries: Romania, Ukraine, Russian Federation
- Railway network (2014): 1 200 km
Geography of Moldova
Location and Boundaries
Moldova is a landlocked country situated in Eastern Europe, bordered by Romania to the west and Ukraine to the north, east, and south. The country lies between the 45th and 49th parallels, providing it with a strategic position at the crossroads of European and Eurasian cultures. Moldova’s total area is approximately 33,851 square kilometers, making it one of the smallest countries in Europe. Despite its small size, Moldova holds a pivotal place in the region, with its proximity to the Black Sea providing some access to international trade routes, especially through its eastern neighbor, Ukraine.
The country’s boundaries with Romania to the west are defined by the Prut River, while the border with Ukraine is more complex due to the presence of the self-declared Republic of Transnistria, which is a region on Moldova’s eastern border that is under separatist control. This territorial dispute has led to political tension within the country, as well as with neighboring states.
Terrain and Landscape
Moldova’s landscape is dominated by rolling plains, hills, and river valleys. The country is located on the Moldavian Plateau, which is part of the larger European Plain. The terrain is predominantly characterized by gently sloping hills and fertile land, which are ideal for agriculture. The highest point in Moldova is located at the southern part of the country in the Bălănești Plateau, where the elevation reaches about 430 meters (1,411 feet) above sea level.
Moldova is also traversed by two major rivers: the Dniester and the Prut. The Dniester River, which flows through the eastern part of Moldova, forms part of the border with Ukraine, while the Prut River marks the western boundary with Romania. These rivers are significant for both the country’s agriculture and its historical connections to neighboring regions.
Forests and Agriculture
Moldova has relatively limited forest cover, with around 12% of its territory being forested. The forests, mostly concentrated in the north and along the river valleys, are composed of a mix of deciduous and coniferous trees. However, the country is renowned for its fertile soil, especially the black earth found in its southern and central regions, making agriculture a central aspect of Moldova’s economy. The country’s climate and soil are conducive to the cultivation of a wide range of crops, including cereals, vegetables, fruits, and wine grapes, which have been important to Moldova’s culture and economy for centuries.
Climate of Moldova
Continental Climate
Moldova experiences a continental climate, which is characterized by hot summers and cold winters. The climate varies from region to region, with the southern parts of the country being warmer and drier than the northern areas. The average temperature in winter ranges from -4°C to 4°C (25°F to 39°F), while in the summer, temperatures can rise to 30°C (86°F) and occasionally higher, especially during heatwaves.
The climate’s continental nature contributes to the country’s agricultural productivity, but it also brings challenges such as droughts in the summer and frost in the winter. Moldova’s natural environment is shaped by these temperature extremes, with some areas experiencing significant variations in precipitation levels throughout the year.
Precipitation and Seasonal Variation
Moldova receives an average annual precipitation of around 400-600 millimeters (15-24 inches), which is relatively low and unevenly distributed. Rainfall is more abundant in the spring and summer months, especially in the form of thunderstorms. The winter months tend to be drier, with snow falling occasionally in the northern and central parts of the country.
The most significant impact of Moldova’s climate is on its agriculture, as the country relies heavily on rainfall for crop production. During dry years, farmers often face difficulties in maintaining harvests, particularly in the southern regions, which are more prone to drought. Similarly, the harsh winters can also affect crop production, especially when severe frosts hit during early spring or late autumn.
Natural Hazards
Moldova is relatively safe from natural disasters but still experiences occasional environmental challenges. Droughts, as mentioned, can have significant impacts on agricultural productivity, and flooding is another risk, particularly near the Dniester and Prut Rivers. Moldova’s location in the temperate zone also makes it susceptible to extreme weather conditions such as snowstorms and ice, which can disrupt transportation and daily life during the winter months.
People of Moldova
Population and Demographics
Moldova has a population of approximately 2.6 million people, although this figure has been steadily declining in recent years due to emigration and a low birth rate. The country’s population is concentrated in urban areas, with the capital city, Chișinău, being home to around a third of the total population. Other major cities include Bălți, Tiraspol, and Bender. The rural population is also significant, as agriculture remains an important part of Moldovan life, with many living in small villages and towns throughout the country.
The country’s demographic trends are affected by migration, with large numbers of Moldovans seeking employment opportunities abroad, particularly in countries such as Russia, Italy, and Portugal. This emigration has led to an aging population and a reduced workforce, which presents challenges for the country’s economic and social stability.
Ethnicity and Languages
Moldova is ethnically diverse, with Moldovans (or Romanians, as they are often referred to) being the largest ethnic group, making up around 75% of the population. The country also has significant populations of Russians, Ukrainians, and Bulgarians, particularly in regions near the border with Ukraine and in the breakaway territory of Transnistria. In Transnistria, Russian and Ukrainian populations predominate, reflecting the Soviet influence on the region.
The official language of Moldova is Romanian, which is the same as the language spoken in neighboring Romania. Romanian is used in government, education, and media, but Russian is also widely spoken, particularly in urban areas and among the ethnic Russian community. Ukrainian and Gagauz (a Turkic language spoken by some ethnic minorities) are spoken in some regions, but Romanian remains the dominant language in most parts of the country.
Religion and Beliefs
Moldova is a predominantly Christian country, with the majority of the population adhering to Eastern Orthodoxy, specifically the Moldovan Orthodox Church, which is part of the Russian Orthodox Church. Christianity plays a significant role in Moldovan culture, with religious holidays such as Christmas, Easter, and other traditional Orthodox celebrations observed widely across the country.
There is also a small but notable Protestant community, particularly among Pentecostals, as well as Roman Catholics and Jews. The relatively small Jewish community in Moldova is part of the country’s long history of ethnic diversity and religious tolerance, although the community has been dwindling in recent years due to emigration and demographic shifts.
Economy of Moldova
Economic Overview
Moldova is one of the poorest countries in Europe, with a low per capita income and a heavy reliance on agriculture and remittances. The country’s economy has struggled with issues such as political instability, dependence on foreign aid, and an underdeveloped industrial base. Moldova faces significant challenges, including corruption, lack of infrastructure, and a shrinking workforce, as many young people migrate abroad for better economic opportunities.
Agriculture plays a central role in Moldova’s economy, and the country is one of the world’s largest producers of wine, fruits, vegetables, and grains. In recent years, Moldova has sought to diversify its economy by focusing on developing sectors such as information technology, textiles, and manufacturing.
Agriculture and Wine Production
Agriculture is a cornerstone of Moldova’s economy, with the country being one of the top producers of wine in the world. Wine-making has been a tradition in Moldova for thousands of years, and the country’s fertile soil and climate make it ideal for grape cultivation. Moldova exports a significant portion of its wine, particularly to Russia, the European Union, and other countries in Eastern Europe.
In addition to wine, Moldova produces a variety of fruits and vegetables, including tomatoes, potatoes, apples, and grapes. The country is also a major exporter of tobacco, sunflower oil, and wheat. However, Moldova’s agricultural sector is highly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, including droughts, floods, and extreme weather patterns.
Industrial Sector and Energy
Moldova’s industrial sector is relatively small compared to other European countries, with manufacturing accounting for a modest portion of the country’s GDP. Key industries include food processing, textiles, and machinery. The country’s industrial base is heavily reliant on raw materials and energy imports, particularly from Russia and Ukraine.
Energy production is another area where Moldova faces challenges. The country has limited domestic energy resources and depends on external sources for its electricity and natural gas. Moldova is working to diversify its energy sources and improve energy efficiency, but energy dependence remains a critical issue for economic development.
Remittances and Economic Development
Moldova’s economy relies significantly on remittances from Moldovans working abroad, particularly in countries like Russia, Italy, and Portugal. These remittances account for a substantial portion of the country’s GDP and provide a crucial source of income for many families. However, the reliance on remittances also underscores the country’s struggle with emigration and its inability to retain a skilled workforce.
In recent years, Moldova has been making efforts to attract foreign investment and promote business development, particularly in the agricultural, IT, and manufacturing sectors. However, progress has been slow due to issues such as corruption, lack of infrastructure, and political instability.
Government of Moldova
Political System and Structure
Moldova is a republic with a parliamentary system of government. The President of Moldova serves as the head of state and is elected every four years through direct elections. The President’s role is largely ceremonial, with executive powers vested in the Prime Minister and the Cabinet of Ministers. The Prime Minister is typically the leader of the majority party or coalition in the Parliament and is responsible for running the government.
The Parliament of Moldova is unicameral, consisting of 101 deputies who are elected every four years. The Parliament is responsible for passing laws, approving the budget, and overseeing the work of the government. The judicial system is independent, and the country has a Constitutional Court to ensure the conformity of laws with the constitution.
Political Parties and Elections
Moldova has a multi-party system, with political parties representing a wide spectrum of ideologies. Some of the main political parties in Moldova include the Socialist Party, the Liberal Democratic Party, the Party of Socialists of the Republic of Moldova, and the Democratic Party.
Moldova’s political system has been characterized by instability, with frequent changes in government and political gridlock. The country has faced challenges in building strong democratic institutions, and its political landscape is often marked by division over issues such as relations with Russia, the European Union, and the status of Transnistria.
Relations with Transnistria
One of the most significant political issues facing Moldova is the unresolved conflict with Transnistria, a breakaway region that declared independence in 1990. Transnistria, with a population of about 500,000, is not recognized by any other country, including Moldova. The region has its own government, military, and currency, but it relies heavily on Russia for political and economic support.
Moldova has sought to resolve the situation through diplomacy, but the presence of Russian troops in Transnistria complicates negotiations. The European Union has supported Moldova’s sovereignty, while Russia maintains its influence over Transnistria. The political deadlock over this issue has had long-term effects on Moldova’s domestic politics and its foreign relations.
Culture of Moldova
Art, Music, and Literature
Moldovan culture reflects its diverse history, which has been shaped by influences from Eastern Europe, Russia, and Romania. Traditional art forms in Moldova include pottery, weaving, embroidery, and wood carving. Folk art is a vital aspect of Moldovan cultural identity, with many of these crafts still practiced in rural villages.
Music is an essential part of Moldova’s cultural life, and the country has a rich tradition of folk songs, dances, and music. The hora is a traditional Moldovan dance that is performed at weddings and festivals, and it is accompanied by music played on instruments like the violin, accordion, and pan flute. Classical music also plays a significant role, with Moldova producing many talented composers and musicians.
Literature in Moldova is influenced by both Romanian and Russian traditions. Writers like Ion Creangă and Grigore Vieru are celebrated figures in Moldovan literature. The country has a strong tradition of poetry, and many works reflect the struggles for national identity, independence, and social justice.
Festivals and Traditions
Moldova celebrates a variety of traditional festivals that highlight the country’s agricultural roots and its cultural diversity. The most significant of these is the National Wine Day, which celebrates the country’s winemaking tradition with tastings, music, and dancing. Another major celebration is Martisor, a spring festival that marks the beginning of March and is celebrated with the giving of small red and white trinkets symbolizing good luck.
Other important holidays include Independence Day, celebrated on August 27, and Great Union Day, which commemorates the union of Bessarabia (a historical region now part of Moldova) with Romania in 1918. Moldovans also celebrate Orthodox religious holidays such as Christmas and Easter, along with various saints’ feast days, with traditions including church services, family gatherings, and festive meals.
History of Moldova
Early History and Origins
Moldova’s history dates back thousands of years, with evidence of early human settlement in the region. The area was once part of the Dacian kingdom, which flourished before the Roman conquest. Following the fall of the Roman Empire, the region became part of the Byzantine Empire and later came under the control of various Slavic and Turkic peoples.
In the medieval period, the principality of Moldova emerged as a distinct entity in the 14th century, under the rule of the famous voivode (prince) Stephen the Great. Moldova’s history during this time was marked by battles for independence and territorial disputes with neighboring powers, including the Ottoman Empire and the Kingdom of Poland.
Ottoman Empire and Russian Influence
By the 18th century, Moldova became a vassal state of the Ottoman Empire, though it maintained a degree of autonomy. In the 19th century, the region was contested by Russia and the Ottoman Empire, eventually becoming part of the Russian Empire following the Russo-Turkish wars. Moldova’s integration into the Russian Empire led to the spread of Russian language and culture, which persisted throughout much of the country’s history.
Soviet Era and Independence
After World War II, Moldova was incorporated into the Soviet Union as the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic (MSSR). During the Soviet period, Moldova underwent significant political and social changes, including the imposition of collectivized agriculture, the suppression of Romanian language and culture, and the promotion of Soviet identity. The Soviet era also saw the creation of the breakaway region of Transnistria, which remains a contentious issue in Moldova’s modern history.
Moldova declared independence from the Soviet Union on August 27, 1991, following the collapse of the USSR. However, the country faced significant economic and political challenges during the transition to independence, and the issue of Transnistria remained unresolved.
Modern Moldova
In the years following independence, Moldova has made efforts to strengthen its democratic institutions and integrate with European organizations. However, political instability, corruption, and economic difficulties have hampered its progress. Moldova’s relationship with Romania, its cultural and linguistic ties, and its aspirations to join the European Union continue to shape the country’s foreign policy and its path toward development.
Moldova’s history is one of resilience and adaptation, shaped by its strategic location at the crossroads of Europe and Asia, its struggles for independence, and its ongoing quest for political and economic stability. Today, the country continues to navigate the challenges of a changing world while striving to preserve its rich cultural heritage.