Lithuania Facts

by countryaah · Published June 3, 2019 · Updated December 12, 2024

Lithuania, Baltic Sea State; 65,300 km², 2.8 million residents (2019).Lithuania borders in the north to Latvia, in the east and south-east to Belarus, in the south to Poland and in the southwest to the Russian exclave Kaliningrad and has a west coast to the Baltic Sea. The capital is Vilnius.

Country facts

Lietuvos Respublika / Republic of Lithuania
Country abbreviation: LT
Area: 65 300 km²
Population (2019): 2.8 million residents
Capital: Vilnius
Main language: Lithuanian
State: Republic
Head of State: Gitanas Nauseda (President)
Head of Government: Saulius Skvernelis
Per capita GDP (2018): US $ 19,089
GNI per capita (2018): US $ 17,350
Currency unit: 1 euro = 100 cents
Currency code: EUR
Country code (telephony): 370
Internet Domain Name: lt
Time difference compared to Sweden: +1
National Day: February 16 (Proclamation of the Republic, 1918)

Nature

Land use: forest (34%), agricultural land (43%), other (23%)
Highest mountain: Juozapinė (292 m asl)
Longest river: Nemunas (937 km)

Population

Population density (2019): 43 residents per km²
Natural population growth (2019): −0.4%; birth rate 10 ‰, death rate 14 ‰
Age structure (2019): 0-14 years (15%), 15-64 (65%), 65- (20%)
Average life expectancy (2019): men 71 years, women 80 years
Infant mortality (2019): 3 per 1,000 live births
Population forecast 2050: 2 million residents
HDI (2017): 0.858 (place 35 of 189)
Urbanization rate (2019): 67%
Most populous cities (2018): Vilnius (536,700 residents), Kaunas (288,500), Klaipėda (149,000)

Business

Industry’s contribution to GDP (2017): agriculture (4%), industry (29%), service (66%)
Exports (2017): US $ 29,120 million
Main export products: oil products, machinery, chemicals
Main exporting countries: Russian Federation, Latvia, Poland
Imports (2017): US $ 31,560 million
Main import products: oil products, machinery, means of transport
Main importing countries: Russian Federation, Germany, Poland
Railway network (2014): 1,770 km

Geography

Location and Borders

Lithuania is a country located in the Baltic region of Europe. It lies on the eastern shore of the Baltic Sea and shares borders with Latvia to the north, Belarus to the east and south, Poland to the southwest, and Russia to the west, specifically the Russian exclave of Kaliningrad. With an area of 65,300 square kilometers (25,200 square miles), Lithuania is one of the three Baltic states, along with Latvia and Estonia, that were formerly part of the Soviet Union and have regained their independence in the early 1990s.

Lithuania’s location in Northern Europe places it at a crossroads between Western Europe and Eastern Europe, influencing its historical, cultural, and political development. The country’s coastal area provides important access to maritime trade routes in the Baltic Sea, while its landlocked borders with Belarus and Poland have made it a key strategic point in European history.

Physical Features

Lithuania’s landscape is marked by its relatively flat terrain, with forests, lakes, rivers, and marshlands covering much of the country. Approximately one-third of the land is forested, and the country has numerous lakes, the largest being Lake Vištytis in the west, followed by Lake Drūkšiai in the east. Lithuania’s terrain is interspersed with rivers, such as the Neman River, which runs through the country from east to west and drains into the Baltic Sea.

The country’s topography is dominated by plains, although it has several low hills and ridges, particularly in the central and southeastern regions. The highest point in Lithuania is the Aukštojas Hill, which reaches an elevation of 294 meters (965 feet) above sea level, located in the central part of the country. The landscape is further enhanced by the Curonian Spit, a unique sand dune peninsula that stretches along the Baltic coast and forms part of a UNESCO World Heritage site, as well as other protected areas.

Lithuania’s rivers and lakes have historically been important for transportation and trade, and the fertile soil supports agriculture, especially in the central plains. The country’s rivers have also played a significant role in its development, providing water for irrigation and contributing to the country’s economy.

Climate

Lithuania experiences a temperate maritime climate, influenced by its proximity to the Baltic Sea and the prevailing westerly winds. Winters are cold, with temperatures often falling below freezing, while summers are relatively mild, with average temperatures ranging from 15°C to 25°C (59°F to 77°F). The country’s location further inland means that its climate is influenced by both oceanic and continental factors, leading to somewhat more extreme temperatures in the interior regions.

In the winter months, Lithuania is often subjected to snow and frost, particularly in the inland areas. The coastal region tends to experience milder winters due to the moderating effect of the sea. The summer months are generally warm, with longer daylight hours, though rain is frequent in the spring and autumn. Thunderstorms are not uncommon during the summer, particularly in the warmer months.

The climate of Lithuania is conducive to agriculture, with fertile soil supporting the cultivation of cereals, vegetables, and other crops. The forests of Lithuania are also an important part of the country’s ecosystem, supporting a range of wildlife and contributing to biodiversity.

Natural Resources

Lithuania’s natural resources include fertile agricultural land, forests, and some mineral deposits, though its mineral wealth is modest compared to other countries. The country’s economy has historically been centered around agriculture, with Lithuania being one of the leading producers of grains, particularly barley, rye, and wheat. The country also produces a variety of other agricultural products, including potatoes, vegetables, and fruits, which support both domestic consumption and export markets.

Lithuania has significant forest resources, and timber is an important part of the country’s economy. The forests of Lithuania provide wood for construction, furniture, paper, and other industries. Additionally, the country has some deposits of peat, limestone, and clay, which are used in various industries. However, the mining industry is not as large or as developed as other sectors of the economy.

The country’s rivers and lakes provide vital water resources, supporting both agriculture and industry. The Neman River, in particular, has been important historically for trade and transportation, linking Lithuania with Belarus and other parts of Europe. While Lithuania has some natural resources, the economy has increasingly moved towards services, particularly in finance, IT, and tourism, as well as manufacturing industries.

People

Population and Ethnic Composition

Lithuania has a population of approximately 2.8 million people, making it one of the smaller countries in Europe by population. The population has steadily declined since the 1990s, due in part to emigration, particularly among younger people seeking better economic opportunities abroad. This decline in population has posed challenges for the country, particularly in terms of maintaining a stable labor force and addressing the needs of an aging population.

The vast majority of the population in Lithuania is of Lithuanian ethnicity, comprising about 84% of the population. The remainder of the population is made up of small ethnic minorities, including Russians, Poles, Belarusians, and Ukrainians. The Russian community is the largest minority, due to Lithuania’s history as part of the Soviet Union, while the Polish minority is concentrated in the southern regions near the border with Poland.

Lithuania is a largely homogeneous society in terms of language and culture, with Lithuanian being the official language and widely spoken throughout the country. However, the presence of ethnic minorities has contributed to the cultural diversity of the country, especially in urban centers like Vilnius, the capital. Ethnic groups in Lithuania generally live in harmony, but there are occasional tensions related to the political and historical context of the 20th century, particularly regarding issues of language and national identity.

Language

Lithuanian is the official language of Lithuania, and it is one of the oldest living languages in the world, belonging to the Baltic language group. The language is known for its preservation of archaic features that have long since disappeared from other Indo-European languages, which makes it an important subject of study for linguists. Lithuanian is widely spoken by the population, and it is the primary language used in government, education, and daily life.

In addition to Lithuanian, Russian and Polish are spoken by some of the ethnic minorities, particularly in areas close to the borders with Russia and Poland. Russian is still spoken by a significant number of people, especially among the older generation who lived during the Soviet period. English is increasingly spoken, particularly among younger generations and in the business and tourism sectors. Many Lithuanians are multilingual, with many people speaking both Russian and English alongside their native language.

Religion

Lithuania is predominantly Roman Catholic, with around 77% of the population identifying as Catholic. Catholicism has played a significant role in Lithuania’s culture and identity, especially as the country was historically the last pagan nation in Europe to adopt Christianity, doing so in the 14th century. The Catholic Church has influenced many aspects of Lithuanian society, including education, holidays, and cultural traditions.

Lithuanians celebrate several Catholic holidays, such as Christmas, Easter, and the Feast of the Assumption, which are important cultural events. The country’s many churches, particularly the Vilnius Cathedral, are also key symbols of the national identity and historical development.

In addition to Catholicism, there is a small minority of Protestants in Lithuania, primarily among the ethnic German and Polish communities. The country also has small Jewish and Russian Orthodox Christian communities. Lithuania’s history of religious diversity has contributed to the rich cultural tapestry of the country, but the majority of the population adheres to Roman Catholicism.

Social Structure

Lithuanian society has traditionally been based around the family, with strong bonds between family members playing a central role in the country’s social fabric. Family structures in Lithuania are typically nuclear, though extended family networks also play an important role, especially in rural areas. The family is a key source of support, both financially and emotionally, and social gatherings such as weddings, funerals, and religious celebrations are important events that foster social cohesion.

Lithuania has a relatively high level of social equality, with low income inequality compared to many other countries. The country has a comprehensive social welfare system that provides support for education, healthcare, and social services, contributing to a high standard of living. However, Lithuania still faces challenges related to social inequality, particularly in rural areas where employment opportunities are limited.

Gender roles in Lithuania have evolved significantly over the past several decades. Women play a prominent role in the workforce and in public life, and there has been a concerted effort to address gender disparities, particularly in education and politics. Women’s rights are enshrined in Lithuanian law, and the country has made significant progress toward gender equality in recent years.

Economy

Key Industries

Lithuania has a diverse economy that includes a mix of agriculture, manufacturing, services, and information technology. The country’s economy has seen significant growth since it regained independence in 1990, particularly in sectors such as manufacturing, information technology, and finance. Lithuania’s membership in the European Union (EU) has facilitated access to European markets and investment, contributing to the country’s economic development.

Manufacturing is an important sector in Lithuania’s economy, with industries such as machinery, electronics, chemicals, textiles, and food processing playing key roles. The country has a well-developed industrial base, particularly in the production of machinery and equipment. Lithuania is also known for its strong chemical industry, producing fertilizers, petrochemicals, and pharmaceuticals.

The services sector has grown significantly, particularly in banking, telecommunications, and tourism. Lithuania’s banking sector is robust, with several large banks and financial institutions providing services to both domestic and international clients. Vilnius, the capital, has become a regional hub for finance, technology, and business services, and the country is a growing destination for foreign investment.

Agriculture and Livestock

Agriculture is an important part of Lithuania’s economy, especially in rural areas where much of the population is employed in farming. The country has fertile soil and a favorable climate for agriculture, making it one of the leading producers of grains in Europe. Lithuania produces large quantities of wheat, barley, and rye, as well as vegetables such as potatoes, carrots, and cabbage. Livestock farming, particularly dairy farming, is also significant, with the country being one of the top producers of dairy products in the Baltic region.

The agricultural sector in Lithuania is highly efficient and well-supported by modern technology, although it faces challenges related to climate change, market fluctuations, and the transition to more sustainable farming practices. The European Union’s Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) has provided financial support for Lithuanian farmers, helping to modernize the sector and increase exports.

Economic Challenges

Lithuania’s economy faces several challenges, despite its significant growth in recent years. The country remains heavily dependent on trade, particularly with other EU countries, and fluctuations in global markets can have an outsized impact on its economy. While the services and manufacturing sectors are growing, the agricultural sector still plays a crucial role in the economy, and any disruptions in this sector, such as those caused by adverse weather conditions, can affect the country’s overall economic performance.

Lithuania also faces demographic challenges, including an aging population and a declining birth rate. These trends could put pressure on the social welfare system and the labor market, as fewer young people enter the workforce and more people retire. Emigration, particularly among younger generations seeking better job opportunities abroad, has also contributed to the country’s demographic decline.

Despite these challenges, Lithuania’s economy has remained resilient, and the country continues to work on diversifying its economy, improving infrastructure, and attracting foreign investment. The EU’s support and Lithuania’s growing role in the global economy will help mitigate these challenges and ensure the country’s continued economic development.

Government

Political System

Lithuania is a democratic republic with a multi-party system. The country has a president, who is elected by the people for a five-year term, and a parliament, known as the Seimas, which is composed of 141 members. The president is the head of state, while the prime minister, appointed by the president and approved by the Seimas, is the head of government. The political system of Lithuania is based on the principles of representative democracy, with regular elections held for both the presidency and the Seimas.

Lithuania’s political system is characterized by political pluralism, with several political parties representing a range of ideologies. Political power is divided between the executive, legislative, and judicial branches, ensuring checks and balances. The country’s legal system is based on civil law, and the judiciary is independent, tasked with interpreting and upholding the laws of the country.

Lithuania is a member of the European Union and NATO, and its foreign policy is focused on maintaining good relations with its neighbors, particularly Poland, Latvia, and Estonia, as well as strengthening its ties with Western countries.

Legal System

Lithuania’s legal system is based on civil law, influenced by the legal traditions of the European Union and Germany. The legal system is designed to protect the rights and freedoms of individuals, ensure the rule of law, and maintain justice within society. The country has a comprehensive legal framework that covers areas such as civil law, criminal law, administrative law, and constitutional law.

The judiciary in Lithuania is independent, with judges appointed for fixed terms. The Constitutional Court of Lithuania has the authority to review the constitutionality of laws and ensure that they comply with the country’s constitution. The country has a range of courts, including district courts, regional courts, and appellate courts, with the Supreme Court serving as the highest judicial authority.

Foreign Policy

Lithuania’s foreign policy is shaped by its position in Central Europe and its desire to integrate into the European and global community. As a member of both the European Union and NATO, Lithuania’s foreign policy priorities include maintaining regional security, promoting economic integration, and supporting human rights and democratic values.

Lithuania has worked to strengthen its ties with neighboring countries, particularly Poland, Latvia, and Estonia, through various regional initiatives. The country is an active member of the Baltic Assembly, which promotes cooperation between the three Baltic states, and it has been a strong advocate for Eastern European integration into the European Union and NATO. Lithuania also works closely with the United States and other Western nations on security, trade, and development issues.

Despite its small size, Lithuania plays an important role in European and global affairs, particularly in terms of its commitment to democracy, human rights, and regional cooperation. The country’s foreign policy continues to evolve as it navigates the complexities of international relations in the 21st century.