What is the Capital of Lebanon? Beirut
Capital City of Lebanon: Beirut
City Overview
Beirut, the capital and largest city of Lebanon, is one of the most historically rich cities in the world. Located on the Mediterranean Sea in the western part of Lebanon, Beirut serves as the country’s political, cultural, economic, and social center. The city has been continuously inhabited for over 5,000 years, making it one of the oldest cities in the world. Its strategic position along the coast has made it a crossroads of civilizations, from the ancient Phoenicians to the Romans, Crusaders, Ottomans, and French. See Healthinclude for other major cities in Lebanon.
Beirut’s name is derived from the ancient Phoenician word for “well” (Bêrôt), reflecting the city’s deep historical roots. Throughout history, Beirut has been known for its intellectual and cultural contributions, and it continues to be a vibrant hub for art, education, and business. The city has also been a center for conflict and rebuilding, particularly during and after the Lebanese Civil War (1975–1990), which caused widespread destruction but also fostered a remarkable spirit of resilience.
Today, Beirut is known for its modern skyline, historical sites, vibrant nightlife, and cosmopolitan atmosphere. Its economy is diverse, with strong sectors in banking, commerce, tourism, and media. It has a population of approximately 2.2 million people (as of 2023) in the Greater Beirut area, and it is a major city in the Middle East, connecting Lebanon with the Mediterranean world.
City Facts
- Area: 19.8 km²
- Population: Approximately 2.2 million (2023) in Greater Beirut
- Time Zone: Eastern European Time (EET), UTC +2 (Standard Time); Eastern European Summer Time (EEST), UTC +3 (Daylight Saving Time)
- Highest Mountain: Mount Sannine, which stands at 2,628 meters (8,622 feet) above sea level. It is part of the Mount Lebanon range.
- Longest River: The Litani River, which runs for 140 kilometers (87 miles) and is Lebanon’s longest river.
Beirut is a city of contrasts, blending the old and new. The ancient ruins and historic buildings of the city stand alongside sleek modern skyscrapers, luxury hotels, and high-end shopping malls. The Mediterranean coastline, with its vibrant beaches and marinas, adds to the city’s dynamic character. Despite the challenges posed by Lebanon’s turbulent political climate, Beirut remains a resilient and significant cultural and financial capital in the region.
Major Landmarks
Beirut is home to several landmarks that reflect its rich history, cultural diversity, and modern developments. Some of the most iconic landmarks in the city include:
1. The National Museum of Beirut
The National Museum of Beirut is one of Lebanon’s most important archaeological institutions. It houses an extensive collection of artifacts that span Lebanon’s history, from prehistoric times to the Ottoman era. The museum showcases Roman mosaics, ancient Phoenician statues, and artifacts from various civilizations that have influenced the city. The museum’s location in the central part of Beirut makes it easily accessible and a must-see for anyone interested in the country’s history.
2. The Corniche
The Corniche is a long seaside promenade that stretches along the Mediterranean coast. It is a popular spot for locals and tourists alike, offering spectacular views of the sea and the surrounding mountains. The Corniche is also a place for socializing, jogging, and enjoying Beirut’s natural beauty. It is lined with cafes, restaurants, and luxury hotels and is one of the most picturesque parts of the city.
3. Mohammad Al-Amin Mosque
One of the most striking architectural landmarks in Beirut is the Mohammad Al-Amin Mosque, often referred to as the Blue Mosque. This grand mosque is located in Martyrs’ Square, and its blue dome and minarets make it a prominent feature of the city skyline. Built in the early 21st century, the mosque symbolizes Beirut’s religious diversity and its status as a modern, cosmopolitan city.
4. The Pigeon Rocks
The Pigeon Rocks (Raouche Rocks) are one of Beirut’s natural wonders. Located off the coast near the Raouche neighborhood, these massive sea stacks rise dramatically out of the Mediterranean waters. They are a popular tourist attraction, offering breathtaking views, especially at sunset. The Pigeon Rocks are a symbol of Beirut’s natural beauty, attracting both locals and visitors for sightseeing and photography.
5. Zaitunay Bay
Zaitunay Bay is a modern, upscale waterfront district that offers luxury shopping, dining, and entertainment options. Located along Beirut’s Corniche, it is a place where visitors can enjoy a beautiful day along the marina, rent yachts, or dine at trendy restaurants overlooking the sea. Zaitunay Bay represents Beirut’s contemporary lifestyle, blending leisure with sophistication.
Climate Overview
Beirut has a Mediterranean climate, characterized by hot, dry summers and mild, rainy winters. Due to its location by the coast, the city benefits from moderate temperatures, making it a pleasant destination throughout most of the year. The coastal influence keeps temperatures from reaching extreme highs, while the surrounding mountains contribute to a cooling effect during summer.
Monthly Climate Overview
The following table provides an overview of the average temperature, precipitation, and sunny days for each month in Beirut:
Month | Average Temperature (°C) | Precipitation (mm) | Sunny Days |
---|---|---|---|
January | 12 | 150 | 6 |
February | 12 | 140 | 6 |
March | 13 | 120 | 7 |
April | 15 | 80 | 9 |
May | 19 | 30 | 10 |
June | 23 | 10 | 11 |
July | 26 | 0 | 12 |
August | 27 | 0 | 12 |
September | 25 | 10 | 11 |
October | 21 | 40 | 9 |
November | 16 | 100 | 7 |
December | 13 | 140 | 6 |
As shown, Beirut experiences warm temperatures during the summer months (June to August), with average highs around 26–27°C. The winter months (December to February) are cooler, with average temperatures ranging from 12–13°C. The city also experiences moderate rainfall in the winter, with the wettest months being January and February.
Other Cities That Have Served as Capital in Lebanon’s History
Berytus (Ancient Period)
The ancient city of Berytus, now known as Beirut, was the capital of the Phoenician and later Roman provinces. Berytus was a major center of trade, culture, and law in the ancient world. During the Roman period, Beirut became renowned for its law school, which was one of the most prestigious in the empire. The city’s ancient ruins are still visible in modern Beirut, and they reflect its important historical status.
Fayçal (during the French Mandate, 1920-1943)
After World War I, Lebanon came under the French Mandate, and the city of Fayçal (modern-day Jounieh) briefly served as the capital of the region under French control. However, after Lebanon gained its independence in 1943, Beirut was reinstated as the capital and has remained so ever since.
Country Facts: Lebanon
Lebanon, located in the Middle East, is bordered by Syria to the north and east, Israel to the south, and the Mediterranean Sea to the west. The country has a rich cultural and religious heritage, with a population that includes significant communities of Christians, Muslims, and Druze. Lebanon’s history is marked by the Phoenician civilization, the spread of Christianity, and its long history of Roman and Ottoman rule.
Lebanon is known for its cultural diversity, a thriving tourism sector, and a strong banking and financial services industry. Beirut, as the capital, plays a central role in the country’s political and economic activities. Despite the political challenges and conflicts Lebanon has faced, particularly in the late 20th century, it remains an important player in the region.
Country Facts
- Population: Approximately 6.7 million (2023)
- Area: 10,452 km²
- Largest City: Beirut
- Currency: Lebanese Pound (LBP)
- Official Language: Arabic
- ISO Country Codes: LB (ISO 3166-1 alpha-2), LBN (ISO 3166-1 alpha-3)
- Government: Parliamentary Republic
- Independence: November 22, 1943 (from France)
Lebanon’s economy is diverse, with industries ranging from banking, tourism, and construction to agriculture and education. The country is a member of various international organizations, including the United Nations and the Arab League.