Swaziland Facts

by countryaah · Published June 3, 2019 · Updated December 12, 2024

Swaziland, state of southern Africa; 17,000 km², 1.1 million residents (2019).Swaziland, the second smallest state of continental Africa, borders east to Mozambique and is surrounded by South Africa. The capital is Mbabane (61,800 residents, 2010).

Country facts

Umbusu weSwatini (swati)
Kingdom of Eswatini /
Kingdom of Swaziland
Country abbreviation: SZ
Area: 17 000 km²
Population (2019): 1.1 million residents
Capital: Mbabane
Main languages: swati, english
State: Monarchy
Head of State: Mswati III (King)
Head of Government: Mandvulo Ambrose Dlamini
Per capita GDP (2018): US $ 4,140
GNI per capita (2018): US $ 3,850
Currency unit: 1 lilangeni = 100 cents
Currency code: SZL
Country number (telephony): 268
Internet Domain Name: sz
Time difference compared to Sweden: +1
National Day: September 6 (Independence Day, 1968)

Nature

Land use: forest (7%), agricultural land (11%), other (82%)
Highest mountain: Mlembe (1,862 m above sea level)

Population

Population density (2019): 65 residents per km²
Natural population growth (2019): 1.5%; birthrate 26 ‰, death count 11 ‰
Age structure (2019): 0-14 years (35%), 15-64 (61%), 65- (4%)
Average life expectancy (2019): men 54 years, women 59 years
Infant mortality (2019): 49 per 1,000 live births
Population forecast 2050: 1 million residents
HDI (2017): 0.588 (place 144 of 189)
Urbanization rate (2019): 24%
Most populous cities (2010): Manzini (94,900 residents), Mbabane (61,800)

Business

Industry’s contribution to GDP (2017): agriculture (6%), industry (45%), service (49%)
Exports (2017): US $ 1,830 million
Main export products: fruits and fruit concentrates, sugar, textiles
Main exporting country: South Africa
Imports (2017): US $ 1,450 million
Main import products: vehicles, machinery, workshop products
Main Importing Countries: South Africa, China
Railway network (2014): 300 km

Geography of Eswatini

Location and Size

Eswatini, formerly known as Swaziland, is a landlocked country located in southern Africa. It shares borders with South Africa to the west, south, and southeast, and Mozambique to the east. The country has an area of approximately 17,364 square kilometers (6,704 square miles), making it one of the smallest countries in Africa. Eswatini’s location between two major African nations places it in a strategic position, allowing it to benefit from its proximity to regional markets and resources.

Topography

The topography of Eswatini is incredibly varied, offering everything from mountains to lowlands. The western and central parts of the country are dominated by the highveld, a mountainous region that is part of the Drakensberg mountain range. This region features steep cliffs and rugged terrain, making it a popular area for hiking and outdoor activities. The eastern part of the country, known as the lowveld, is characterized by a flatter landscape with rolling hills and fertile plains. These lowlands are home to many of the country’s agricultural activities. In addition, the country has various river systems, with the most prominent being the Great Usutu River, which flows from the mountains through the country toward Mozambique.

Rivers and Lakes

Eswatini is traversed by several rivers that contribute to its economy and agricultural activities. The Usutu River, which flows from the western highlands to the east, is one of the largest and most important. It provides water for irrigation and hydropower generation. Other notable rivers include the Komati and the Lomati, both of which provide vital water resources for agriculture. While Eswatini does not have large natural lakes, there are several man-made reservoirs used for water supply and irrigation, such as the Maguga and Sand River dams. These water resources are crucial in supporting the agricultural and energy sectors.

Climate

Eswatini enjoys a temperate climate due to its varied topography. The western part of the country experiences a cooler, more temperate climate, which is ideal for agriculture, particularly in the higher altitudes of the mountains. The central and lowland areas experience a subtropical climate with warm temperatures throughout the year. The summer months, from November to April, bring the majority of the rainfall, while the cooler winter months from May to August experience much lower precipitation. The rainy season often brings heavy thunderstorms, which can lead to flooding in some areas, while the dry season brings cooler temperatures and less humidity.

Population of Eswatini

Demographics

As of 2024, Eswatini’s population is estimated to be around 1.2 million people. The majority of the population resides in rural areas, with many people engaged in farming or other agricultural activities. The capital city, Mbabane, and the commercial center of Manzini are the primary urban areas, where much of the country’s business, commerce, and services are concentrated. Although Eswatini is a small nation in terms of population size, it has a diverse society made up of various ethnic groups, languages, and cultural practices.

Ethnic Groups

The ethnic composition of Eswatini is predominantly Swazi, which accounts for the majority of the population. The Swazi people are part of the Nguni ethnic group and have a rich cultural heritage that traces back centuries. The population is relatively homogeneous, with very few other ethnic minorities. However, there are small communities of people of European and Asian descent, particularly in the urban areas. The Swazi people are known for their traditional customs and ways of life, which continue to play an important role in the social and political structure of the country.

Religion

Christianity is the dominant religion in Eswatini, with most of the population identifying as Christian. There are various Christian denominations in the country, including Roman Catholicism, Anglicanism, and Evangelical Protestantism. The influence of Christianity is significant in the daily life of the population, with many Swazi people participating in church-related activities. Traditional African religious beliefs are still practiced by a small segment of the population, especially in rural areas. These beliefs often involve ancestor worship and a strong connection to the natural world. The government and royal family also practice religious rituals in accordance with traditional African beliefs, blending them with Christianity in many instances.

Language

The official languages of Eswatini are SiSwati and English. SiSwati, also known as Swazi, is a Bantu language spoken by the vast majority of the population. It is a significant part of the nation’s cultural identity and is used in many aspects of daily life, including education, media, and governance. English is the second official language and is used primarily in government, business, and education. It is commonly spoken in urban areas and is often the language of instruction in schools. Due to the dominance of SiSwati, many Swazi people are bilingual, fluent in both SiSwati and English.

Economy of Eswatini

Economic Overview

Eswatini has a small, open economy that relies heavily on agriculture, mining, manufacturing, and services. The country’s economy is highly dependent on exports, particularly sugar, textiles, and timber products. Eswatini’s close ties with South Africa, through both trade and infrastructure, have contributed to the country’s economic development. Despite this, the economy faces significant challenges, such as high levels of poverty, limited industrial capacity, and a reliance on a few key sectors. The country has worked toward diversifying its economy in recent years, focusing on developing sectors like tourism and renewable energy.

Agriculture

Agriculture plays a crucial role in Eswatini’s economy, employing a large proportion of the population. The country’s fertile soils and favorable climate allow for the cultivation of various crops, including sugarcane, maize, and fruits like pineapples, bananas, and citrus. Sugar is the most important agricultural export, with Eswatini being one of the largest producers of sugar in southern Africa. The sugar industry has long been a cornerstone of the country’s economy, and the industry contributes significantly to both exports and employment. Livestock farming, particularly cattle, is also a prominent sector in rural areas. Subsistence farming is common, and many Swazi people grow food for their families and local markets.

Mining and Industry

Eswatini has a relatively small but growing mining sector, with deposits of coal, diamonds, and gold. While mining is not as large as in some neighboring countries, the sector has seen investment and growth over the years, particularly in diamond mining. Eswatini is also known for its forestry industry, with timber production being a significant contributor to the economy. The country has vast forests of pine and eucalyptus, which are used for both domestic consumption and export. In recent years, Eswatini has worked to diversify its industrial base, focusing on the development of the manufacturing sector, especially in textiles, garments, and food processing.

Services and Tourism

The services sector in Eswatini is expanding, with a growing emphasis on tourism, finance, and telecommunications. Eswatini’s tourism industry is based on its natural beauty, wildlife, and cultural heritage. The country is home to several national parks and game reserves, such as Hlane Royal National Park and Malolotja Nature Reserve, which attract visitors from around the world. The government has invested in infrastructure to support tourism, including improving transportation and accommodation options. The financial sector has also grown, with the country being a regional hub for banking and investment services in southern Africa.

Economic Challenges

Despite its natural resources and growing sectors, Eswatini faces significant economic challenges. High unemployment, especially among young people, is a major issue, as is the country’s reliance on a few key sectors for revenue generation. Income inequality is also a significant problem, with rural areas experiencing much higher levels of poverty compared to urban centers. The country’s heavy dependence on exports, particularly agricultural products, makes it vulnerable to fluctuations in global commodity prices. Additionally, Eswatini faces challenges related to infrastructure, education, and healthcare, which hinder long-term economic growth.

Government of Eswatini

Political Structure

Eswatini is a monarchy, with King Mswati III serving as both the head of state and the head of government. The king holds absolute power, with significant influence over all branches of government. The country operates under a system of absolute monarchy, in which political parties are banned, and the king appoints the prime minister and members of the cabinet. The country has a bicameral parliament, consisting of the Senate and the House of Assembly, both of which are made up of appointed and elected representatives. While Eswatini is officially classified as a constitutional monarchy, the king’s extensive powers overshadow the legislative and judicial branches of government, making Eswatini one of the last remaining absolute monarchies in the world.

Legislative System

Eswatini’s legislative system consists of the House of Assembly and the Senate. The House of Assembly is made up of 65 members, with 55 being elected by the people and 10 appointed by the king. The Senate consists of 30 members, with 20 appointed by the king and 10 elected by the House of Assembly. While the parliament can propose and pass legislation, it operates under the authority of the king, and the king holds the ultimate power to approve or reject laws. The king’s influence extends to the selection of government ministers, who are appointed directly by the monarch.

Judiciary

Eswatini’s judiciary is theoretically independent but is heavily influenced by the executive branch, particularly the king. The judiciary is based on common law, with traditional Swazi law playing a significant role in rural areas. The country’s highest court is the Supreme Court, followed by the Court of Appeal and various lower courts. While Eswatini has a legal framework in place, concerns have been raised about the lack of judicial independence and the potential for political interference in legal matters.

Culture of Eswatini

Art and Architecture

Eswatini’s culture is deeply rooted in its traditions and history. Swazi art is primarily influenced by the country’s customs, daily life, and natural surroundings. Traditional crafts include beadwork, wood carving, and basket weaving, with items often used for ceremonial purposes or daily life. Swazi architecture is characterized by round huts with thatched roofs, which are designed to keep the interior cool and are made using locally sourced materials. These traditional homes are often arranged in circular patterns, which reflect the importance of community in Swazi society.

Music and Dance

Music and dance are integral parts of Swazi culture, with traditional songs and dances playing important roles in celebrations, rituals, and daily life. Drumming is a key element of Swazi music, with various types of drums used for different purposes. The most famous traditional dance is the reed dance (umhlanga), where young women gather to dance and celebrate their cultural heritage. The dance, which is a celebration of womanhood and virginity, is accompanied by singing and drumming. Music also plays a central role in Swazi ceremonies, including weddings, initiations, and royal events.

Cuisine

Swazi cuisine is based on simple, hearty ingredients such as maize, millet, sorghum, and cassava, along with meat, often from cattle, sheep, or goats. A staple dish is sishwala, a thick porridge made from maize or sorghum, typically eaten with vegetable stews or meat dishes. Emahewu (a fermented maize drink) and inyembhe (a type of vegetable dish) are also common. The Swazi people take pride in their food, which is often prepared in a communal setting and shared with family and friends.

Festivals and Traditions

Eswatini’s culture is celebrated through numerous festivals and traditional ceremonies. The reed dance is the most prominent cultural festival, drawing large crowds each year. Other significant events include the incwala ceremony, a religious and royal ritual that marks the beginning of the year and honors the king’s leadership. The Simunye festival celebrates the harvest season and the importance of agriculture to Swazi life. These events are characterized by elaborate dances, songs, and traditional rituals that reinforce the cultural identity of the Swazi people.

History of Eswatini

Early History

Eswatini has a rich history that dates back to pre-colonial times. The Swazi people, part of the Nguni ethnic group, established themselves in the region around the 16th century. They formed a centralized kingdom under the leadership of King Ngwane, who united several smaller clans. Over time, the Swazi kingdom expanded its territory through conquest and alliances. The kingdom’s position allowed it to maintain relative independence during periods of regional conflict.

Colonial Era

During the 19th century, Eswatini, like much of southern Africa, faced increasing European colonial pressure. The British and the Boers of South Africa sought to exert control over the region, leading to conflicts between the Swazi kingdom and these powers. In 1903, after a series of wars, the British declared Eswatini a protectorate, although the Swazi monarchy was allowed to retain some degree of autonomy. Under British rule, the Swazi people were subjected to land dispossession, forced labor, and cultural suppression, like many other African nations under colonial rule.

Independence

Eswatini gained independence from Britain on September 6, 1968, and became a constitutional monarchy under King Sobhuza II. The new nation struggled with political instability in its early years, particularly concerning the role of the monarchy and the distribution of political power. In 1973, King Sobhuza II repealed the constitution and established an absolute monarchy, a system that remains in place today. The king’s power has continued to shape the country’s political structure and its relationship with the outside world.

Recent History

In recent years, Eswatini has faced challenges related to political reform, economic development, and human rights. While the monarchy remains central to the country’s political system, there have been growing calls for democratic reform and greater political freedoms. The country’s economy has been heavily dependent on agriculture, mining, and trade with neighboring South Africa. Despite these challenges, Eswatini maintains a rich cultural identity and a strong connection to its traditions and royal heritage.