Paraguay Facts
Paraguay, State of South America; 406 750 km², 7 million residents (2019).Paraguay borders Brazil in the east, Argentina in the south and southwest, and Bolivia in the northwest. The capital is Asuncion (523,200 residents, 2018).
Country facts
- Republic of Paraguay / Republic of Paraguay
- Country abbreviation: PY
- Area: 406 750 km²
- Population (2019): 7 million residents
- Capital: Asuncion
- Main languages: Guarani, Spanish
- State: Republic
- Head of State and Head of Government: Mario Abdo Benítez (President)
- Per capita GDP (2018): US $ 5,872
- GNI per capita (2018): US $ 5,680
- Currency unit: 1 guaraní = 100 centimos
- Currency code: PYG
- Country number (telephony): 595
- Internet Domain Name: py
- Time difference compared to Sweden: −5
- National Day: May 15 (Independence Day, 1811)
Nature
- Land use: forest (32%), agricultural land (6%), other (62%)
- Highest mountain: Cerro Pero (842 m asl)
Population
- Population density (2019): 17 residents per km²
- Natural population growth (2019): 1.6%; birth number 21 ‰, death number 5 ‰
- Age structure (2019): 0-14 years (30%), 15-64 (64%), 65- (6%)
- Life expectancy (2019): men 72 years, women 76 years
- Infant mortality (2019): 17 per 1,000 live births
- Population forecast 2050: 9 million residents
- HDI (2017): 0.702 (place 110 of 189)
- Urbanization rate (2019): 61%
- Most populous city (2018): Asunción (523,200 residents)
Business
- Industry’s contribution to GDP (2017): agriculture (18%), industry (28%), service (54%)
- Exports (2017): USD 11,730 million
- Main export products: soybeans, meat products, cotton fibers
- Main exporting countries: Brazil, Argentina, Chile
- Imports (2017): US $ 11,350 million
- Main import products: vehicles, consumer goods, tobacco
- Main importing countries: China, Brazil Argentina
- Railway network (2014): 30 km
Geography of Paraguay
Location and Borders
Paraguay is a landlocked country located in the heart of South America. It is bordered by Argentina to the south and southwest, Brazil to the east and northeast, and Bolivia to the northwest. Despite being landlocked, Paraguay has two major rivers, the Paraná and the Paraguay rivers, which form part of its border with Argentina and Brazil, respectively, and are crucial for the country’s transportation and trade routes. These rivers also provide vital water resources for the country’s agriculture, industry, and daily life.
Paraguay’s central location in South America gives it access to various regional markets, while its lack of a coastline has historically presented challenges in terms of global trade. However, the extensive river system compensates for this, making river transport a key part of the country’s logistics and economy.
Terrain and Landscape
Paraguay’s landscape is primarily divided into two regions: the eastern region and the western region. The eastern region is home to the majority of the country’s population and features fertile plains and rolling hills, making it suitable for agriculture. This region has a mix of subtropical forests and grasslands, and it includes the Paraná Plateau, which is part of the broader Paraná-Paraguay river basin. The land is relatively flat with some slight variations in elevation, and the region is interspersed with valleys, making it ideal for farming and settlement.
The western region of Paraguay, known as the Chaco, is a vast, hot, and semi-arid plain that covers nearly 60% of the country’s total land area. This region is sparsely populated and is characterized by dry forests, scrubland, and marshy areas. The Chaco is much drier compared to the eastern part of the country, and its landscape has been historically challenging for agriculture. However, it is becoming more developed, especially in terms of cattle ranching and soy production, which are expanding rapidly in this area.
Natural Resources
Paraguay is rich in natural resources, particularly in agriculture and water resources. Its fertile soil, particularly in the eastern region, allows for the cultivation of a variety of crops. Paraguay is a major producer of soybeans, corn, sugarcane, and cotton. The country’s climate and soil are also ideal for the cultivation of tobacco and rice.
Additionally, Paraguay is known for its significant hydropower potential, which it uses to produce electricity. The country has one of the largest hydroelectric plants in the world, the Itaipu Dam, shared with Brazil, and the Yacyretá Dam, shared with Argentina. Paraguay exports a substantial portion of its electricity to Brazil and Argentina, making energy production an important sector of its economy.
Climate of Paraguay
General Climate Zones
Paraguay experiences a tropical and subtropical climate, which varies between regions due to the country’s geography. The climate is largely influenced by the country’s proximity to the equator and the presence of large river systems that affect temperature and rainfall patterns.
- Eastern Paraguay: The climate in the eastern part of the country is more tropical, with hot and humid summers, particularly from November to March. This region experiences considerable rainfall, with the wettest months typically being from October to March. The average annual temperature is around 22°C (72°F), with the hottest temperatures reaching up to 40°C (104°F) during the peak of summer. The rain and warm temperatures make the eastern region more conducive to agriculture.
- Western Paraguay (Chaco): The Chaco region is characterized by a semi-arid climate with a pronounced dry season. This region experiences less rainfall and higher temperatures, particularly during the summer, when temperatures can exceed 40°C (104°F). The humidity is low, and while the region’s rains are typically seasonal, they are concentrated in the summer months, from November to April. Due to the dry conditions, this part of the country has a more limited agricultural capacity, although cattle ranching and soy production are expanding here.
Temperature and Weather Patterns
The temperature in Paraguay varies significantly between the eastern and western regions. In the eastern part of the country, summers can be extremely hot, with average temperatures around 35°C (95°F) during the day, while winters are mild with temperatures averaging around 12°C (54°F). The wet season typically spans from October to March, bringing thunderstorms and rains to the country. The influence of the La Niña and El Niño phenomena also affects weather patterns, with La Niña causing drier conditions and El Niño bringing more intense rainfall, sometimes leading to flooding.
The western region, due to its semi-arid climate, sees hotter temperatures year-round, with summer temperatures reaching 40°C (104°F) or higher. During winter, the Chaco can experience cooler temperatures, particularly in the evenings. This climate, coupled with low rainfall, means the Chaco’s ecosystem is adapted to dry conditions, with resilient vegetation and wildlife.
Environmental Issues
Paraguay faces several environmental challenges, particularly in the Chaco, where deforestation and land conversion for agriculture, particularly soy farming, have contributed to habitat loss and reduced biodiversity. The country also faces issues related to water scarcity in the western region, which affects agriculture and livestock production. Additionally, the expansion of agriculture in both the east and the Chaco has led to concerns about soil erosion and the overuse of natural resources.
Efforts are being made to address these environmental issues, including conservation programs and initiatives to protect the country’s biodiversity, but the challenge remains significant due to the pressure from agricultural expansion and industrial development.
People of Paraguay
Ethnic Composition
Paraguay is a culturally and ethnically diverse country, with a population primarily composed of mestizos, people of mixed European and Indigenous ancestry. The majority of Paraguayans are descendants of Spanish colonizers and local Guaraní people, the country’s Indigenous group. The Guaraní language, along with Spanish, is an official language of the country, and many Paraguayans speak both languages fluently. This cultural blend is a significant part of Paraguay’s national identity, and Guaraní traditions and customs are central to the country’s culture.
There is also a smaller percentage of people with European descent, including Germans, Italians, and other European immigrants who arrived in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Paraguay’s population also includes small communities of Asians, particularly Japanese and Chinese, due to immigration during the 20th century. Indigenous groups such as the Ache, the Ayoreo, and the Mbyá Guaraní still exist in rural areas, and their cultures contribute to the country’s diversity.
Language and Religion
Spanish is the official language of Paraguay and is spoken by the vast majority of the population, especially in urban areas. However, Guaraní is also an official language, and it holds a significant place in the culture, especially in rural areas. Guaraní is spoken by almost 90% of the population and is a symbol of national pride, reflecting the deep historical connection between the people of Paraguay and their indigenous roots. It is commonly used in daily life, music, literature, and oral traditions.
Roman Catholicism is the dominant religion in Paraguay, with about 89% of the population identifying as Catholic. Catholicism plays a central role in Paraguay’s cultural and social life, influencing holidays, festivals, and family traditions. Protestantism, particularly Evangelical Christianity, has grown in recent decades and accounts for a significant minority. Indigenous religious practices also persist in certain rural areas, often blended with Catholic traditions.
Population and Demographics
Paraguay has a population of around 7 million people, making it one of the smaller countries in South America in terms of population size. The population density is relatively low, especially in the western region, where large swathes of land remain sparsely populated. The majority of Paraguayans live in urban areas, with the capital city, Asunción, being the largest city and the center of political, economic, and cultural life. Other major cities include Ciudad del Este, Encarnación, and San Lorenzo.
Paraguay has a youthful population, with a large proportion of people under the age of 30. However, the country also faces challenges related to rural poverty, inadequate healthcare, and education, particularly in remote and indigenous communities. Despite these issues, Paraguay has made progress in reducing poverty and improving social services in recent years.
Economy of Paraguay
Agriculture and Natural Resources
Agriculture is a cornerstone of Paraguay’s economy, contributing significantly to the country’s GDP and providing employment for a large portion of the population. Paraguay is one of the world’s leading producers of soybeans, and this crop has become the country’s main export, alongside other agricultural products such as corn, wheat, cotton, and rice. Livestock, particularly cattle, is another vital sector of the economy, with Paraguay being one of the largest exporters of beef in South America.
Paraguay’s natural resources, including timber, hydropower, and minerals, also play an important role in the country’s economy. The extensive river systems provide an essential mode of transport for goods, particularly agricultural products. The Paraguay and Paraná rivers are critical for both internal and international trade, with the river ports connecting the country to Brazil, Argentina, and other regional markets.
Industry and Manufacturing
The manufacturing sector in Paraguay has developed over recent decades, with industries including food processing, textiles, and construction materials being the primary contributors to the industrial base. Paraguay is known for its food processing industry, particularly the production of soy products, meats, and rice. The textile and apparel industry is also growing, driven by both domestic demand and export markets.
However, the country’s industrial base remains underdeveloped compared to neighboring countries like Brazil and Argentina. Paraguay’s economic growth in recent years has been driven by its agricultural exports and energy production, but the country continues to face challenges in diversifying its industrial sector.
Energy Production and Exports
Paraguay is one of the world’s largest producers of hydroelectricity, thanks to its vast river systems and large hydropower plants such as the Itaipú Dam and Yacyretá Dam. These plants, shared with Brazil and Argentina, provide the country with cheap and abundant electricity, which it exports to neighboring countries. Hydropower plays a central role in Paraguay’s economy, and the country benefits significantly from the sale of electricity, contributing to foreign currency reserves.
Despite its abundant energy resources, Paraguay’s economic growth has been limited by its reliance on agricultural exports and a lack of industrial diversification. The government has made efforts to promote foreign investment, improve infrastructure, and develop the manufacturing sector to foster more balanced economic development.
Government of Paraguay
Political Structure
Paraguay is a democratic republic with a presidential system of government. The president of Paraguay is both the head of state and head of government and is elected for a five-year term. The president has significant executive powers, including the ability to appoint ministers and enforce laws. The country also has a bicameral legislature consisting of the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate.
The Chamber of Deputies is composed of 80 members, while the Senate has 45 members. Both chambers are responsible for passing laws, approving the budget, and overseeing the executive branch. Paraguay’s judiciary is independent, with a legal system based on civil law principles. The Supreme Court is the highest judicial authority in the country.
Political History
Paraguay’s political history has been marked by periods of instability, military rule, and authoritarian governments. After gaining independence from Spain in 1811, Paraguay was involved in the devastating Paraguayan War (1864-1870) against Brazil, Argentina, and Uruguay, which resulted in significant loss of life and territorial reductions. In the 20th century, Paraguay experienced a series of military coups and political turbulence, including the long rule of General Alfredo Stroessner, who governed as a dictator from 1954 until his removal in 1989.
Since the fall of Stroessner’s regime, Paraguay has undergone a transition to democracy, although political instability and corruption have remained persistent issues. The country has seen peaceful transitions of power in recent years, and democratic institutions continue to strengthen. However, political patronage and party loyalty continue to dominate the political landscape.
Culture of Paraguay
Traditional Arts and Crafts
Paraguay’s culture is shaped by a blend of indigenous Guaraní traditions and European influences, particularly from Spain. The country is known for its vibrant folk art, including the intricate Ñandutí lacework, a traditional craft of the Guaraní people. This lacework, typically made from cotton thread, is characterized by delicate, geometric designs and is widely used for decorative purposes, particularly in clothing and home goods.
In addition to Ñandutí, Paraguay has a rich tradition of pottery, weaving, and wood carving. The arts often draw on indigenous and colonial motifs, reflecting the country’s cultural heritage. Music and dance are also central to Paraguayan culture, with the polka and guarania being important traditional music styles.
Cuisine
Paraguayan cuisine reflects a mix of indigenous Guaraní influences and Spanish culinary traditions. Traditional dishes include sopa paraguaya (a cornmeal and cheese cake), asado (barbecue), chipa (a cheese bread), and mbejú (a starchy pancake). Corn, beans, and cassava are staple ingredients, and meats such as beef and chicken are commonly used in Paraguayan dishes.
The consumption of yerba maté, a bitter herbal tea, is also a significant part of daily life in Paraguay, often served socially and consumed throughout the day. The tea is an important social ritual and is popular in both rural and urban areas.
Festivals and Holidays
Paraguay celebrates a number of festivals and holidays that showcase its cultural and religious heritage. The most important religious celebrations are Easter and Christmas, which are marked by family gatherings, special meals, and church services. Independence Day on May 14th and 15th is another key national holiday, commemorating Paraguay’s independence from Spain in 1811.
The country also celebrates its rich musical and dance traditions, such as the Fiesta de la Virgen de Caacupe and the Día de la Tradición festivals, which honor Paraguay’s indigenous roots and history. The Carnaval de Encarnación is one of the most vibrant festivals in the country, featuring parades, music, and colorful costumes.
History of Paraguay
Early History and Colonization
The history of Paraguay begins with the indigenous Guaraní people, who lived in the region for thousands of years before Spanish colonization. The first European contact occurred in 1524, when the Spanish explorer Sebastián Gaboto arrived. The Spanish established a colony in Paraguay, and over the next century, the country became part of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata, under Spanish rule.
The Guaraní people played a significant role in the early history of Paraguay, both as allies and subjects of the Spanish settlers. Many Guaraní became Christianized, and Spanish settlers utilized their labor for agriculture and trade. The Spanish imposed a feudal system that heavily exploited the indigenous population.
Independence and the Paraguayan War
Paraguay declared its independence from Spain in 1811, following a period of internal turmoil and power struggles. After independence, Paraguay remained relatively isolated from its neighbors, choosing to maintain a policy of self-reliance and neutrality. However, the country faced significant territorial disputes, which culminated in the Paraguayan War (1864-1870). Paraguay fought against Brazil, Argentina, and Uruguay, and the war devastated the country, causing immense loss of life and leaving Paraguay severely weakened.
Post-War and Dictatorship
In the 20th century, Paraguay experienced periods of political instability, including the long dictatorship of Alfredo Stroessner. Stroessner ruled the country from 1954 to 1989 with an iron fist, suppressing political opposition, censoring the press, and maintaining a tight grip on power through the use of military force. The Stroessner regime was marked by human rights abuses, including torture and forced disappearances.
Stroessner’s regime ended in 1989 when he was overthrown by a military coup. Since then, Paraguay has transitioned to democracy, although political corruption and the influence of powerful political families continue to affect the country’s governance.
Modern Paraguay
Today, Paraguay is a democratic republic with a growing economy, particularly in agriculture, energy, and manufacturing. The country has made progress in improving its infrastructure and social services but continues to face challenges related to inequality, corruption, and poverty. Political stability has improved in recent decades, and Paraguay remains an important player in the Mercosur trade bloc, working to strengthen regional economic integration and development.