Colombia Facts

Colombia, state of northwestern South America; 1.1 million km², 49.6 million residents (2019).The country extends almost 1,800 km from north to south and 1 260 km from east to west. The capital is Bogotá.

Country facts

• Republic of Colombia / Republic of Colombia
• Country abbreviation: CO
• Area: 1.1 million km²
• Population (2019): 49.6 million residents
• Capital: Bogotá
• Main language: Spanish
• State: Republic
• Head of State and Head of Government: Iván Duque (President)
• Per capita GDP (2018): US $ 6,651
• GNI per capita (2018): US $ 6,190
• Currency unit: 1 peso = 100 centavos
• Currency code: COP
• Country number (telephony): 57
• Internet domain name: co
• Time difference compared to Sweden: −6
• National Day: July 20 (Independence Day, 1810)

Nature

• Land use: forest (22%), agricultural land (6%), other (72%)
• Highest mountain: Cristobal Colón (5,775 m asl)

Population

• Population density (2019): 45 residents per km²
• Natural population growth (2019): 1.0%; birth number 16 ‰, death number 6 ‰
• Age structure (2019): 0-14 years (23%), 15-64 (68%), 65- (9%)
• Life expectancy (2019): men 73 years, women 79 years
• Infant mortality (2019): 14 per 1,000 live births
• Population forecast 2050: 56 million residents
• HDI (2017): 0.747 (place 90 of 189)
• Urbanization rate (2019): 77%
• Most populous cities (2017): Bogotá (8.1 million residents), Medellín (2.5 million), Cali (2.4 million)

Business

• Industry’s contribution to GDP (2017): agriculture (7%), industry (31%), service (62%)
• Exports (2017): US $ 39,480 million
• Main export products: oil, coffee, nickel
• Main exporting countries: USA, Panama, China
• Imports (2017): US $ 44,240 million
• Main import products: machinery, transport equipment, chemical products
• Main importing countries: USA, China, Mexico
• Railway network (2015): 2 140 km

Geography

Location and Borders

Colombia is located in the northwestern part of South America, bordered by Venezuela to the east, Brazil to the southeast, Peru to the south, Ecuador and Panama to the west, and the Caribbean Sea to the north. This strategic positioning provides Colombia with coastlines on both the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean, making it the only country in South America with coastlines on both oceans. The country spans a total area of about 1.14 million square kilometers, making it the 26th largest country in the world and the fourth largest in South America.

Colombia shares borders with several countries, contributing to its role as a bridge between the northern and southern parts of the continent. The country has been historically significant as a point of trade and interaction between the indigenous cultures of the region and the outside world. This central location allows for a variety of ecosystems and climates, making the country a crossroads of diverse cultures and geographical features.

Topography and Natural Features

Colombia’s topography is one of the most varied in South America, with the Andes mountain range running through the western part of the country. The Andes divides Colombia into three mountain ranges— the Western, Central, and Eastern Cordilleras— each of which contributes to the country’s stunning landscapes and wide range of ecosystems. The mountains are interspersed with valleys, high plains, and deep gorges, offering a diverse geography that ranges from tropical rainforests in the Amazon region to high-altitude plateaus.

The country’s eastern plains, called the Llanos, stretch out to the border with Venezuela and Brazil. These vast grasslands are home to rich biodiversity and serve as important areas for cattle ranching. To the north, the Caribbean coastline is characterized by beaches, mangroves, and wetlands, with cities like Cartagena and Barranquilla acting as important ports and tourist destinations.

In the south, Colombia is home to the Amazon rainforest, one of the most biodiverse regions on Earth. The Amazon is rich in wildlife and contributes significantly to Colombia’s natural resources. Colombia’s river systems, particularly the Magdalena River, the longest river in the country, play an important role in transportation and agriculture, serving as vital arteries for trade and commerce.

Climate and Seasonal Variation

Colombia’s climate varies greatly due to its diverse geography, from the tropical climate of the coastal and lowland areas to the cooler temperatures of the high-altitude regions. The country’s climate is generally classified as tropical, with distinct wet and dry seasons. The coastal areas, including Cartagena and Barranquilla, experience hot and humid conditions year-round, with the wet season occurring from April to November.

In the highlands, such as the capital city of Bogotá, located at over 2,600 meters (8,530 feet) above sea level, the climate is much cooler, with temperatures averaging between 10°C (50°F) and 20°C (68°F). This mild climate makes cities like Bogotá and Medellín highly livable, with Medellín earning the nickname “City of Eternal Spring” due to its pleasant temperatures throughout the year.

In the Amazon region, the climate is tropical with frequent rainfall, maintaining high humidity levels. The northern regions near the Caribbean Sea also experience a tropical climate, with distinct wet and dry seasons, with the heaviest rains falling from October to December.

People

Population and Demographics

Colombia has a population of approximately 52 million people, making it the third most populous country in South America, after Brazil and Argentina. The population is diverse, with a mix of ethnic groups resulting from centuries of indigenous cultures, European colonial influence, and African heritage. Colombia’s diverse population is a reflection of its complex history, shaped by migration, colonization, and cultural exchange.

The largest population group in Colombia is mestizo, a blend of European (primarily Spanish) and indigenous ancestry, making up about 80% of the population. Afro-Colombians, descendants of African slaves brought to the country during the colonial period, represent about 10% of the population and are particularly concentrated along the Pacific coast and in parts of the Caribbean. Indigenous groups, such as the Wayuu, Embera, and Nasa, continue to play a significant role in the country’s cultural and political life, although their numbers have diminished over the centuries.

In recent decades, Colombia has experienced significant urbanization, with over 75% of the population living in cities. Major urban centers include Bogotá, Medellín, Cali, and Barranquilla. Rural areas, especially those in the Amazon and Llanos regions, remain sparsely populated but are home to indigenous communities and small agricultural settlements.

Languages

Spanish is the official language of Colombia and is spoken by the vast majority of the population. The country’s variety of dialects reflects regional differences, and some areas, particularly in the Caribbean and Pacific regions, have distinct accents and vocabulary. Colombian Spanish is considered one of the clearest and most neutral varieties of Spanish, making it relatively easy to understand for non-native speakers.

In addition to Spanish, several indigenous languages are spoken by Colombia’s native populations, though many of these languages are endangered. Approximately 65 indigenous languages are spoken in Colombia, with the Wayuu language, spoken by the Wayuu people in the northeast, being the most widely used. Other indigenous languages include Embera, Nasa Yuwe, and Kuna, all of which are primarily spoken in specific regions of the country.

Colombia also has a growing community of English speakers, particularly in urban areas, as English has become increasingly important in business, education, and tourism. The government has promoted English language learning in schools and universities to enhance the country’s competitiveness in the global economy.

Religion

The majority of Colombians are Roman Catholic, with around 70% of the population identifying as Catholic. Catholicism has played a central role in Colombia’s cultural and historical development, influencing its holidays, festivals, and social values. The celebration of religious holidays such as Christmas and Easter, along with a deep tradition of Catholic festivals, forms an integral part of Colombian society. The country’s numerous Catholic churches, including the stunning Salt Cathedral of Zipaquirá, are symbols of the religious heritage of Colombia.

Protestantism has been growing in Colombia, particularly among Evangelical and Pentecostal groups, which now represent about 15% of the population. These Protestant communities are concentrated in urban areas, and their influence is visible in public life, with many social and community organizations associated with evangelical churches.

Indigenous beliefs and Afro-Colombian spiritual practices are also part of the religious landscape, particularly in rural and coastal areas. Indigenous groups often follow animistic traditions that focus on nature spirits and ancestral worship. Afro-Colombian communities along the Pacific coast also blend Catholicism with African spiritual beliefs, creating unique forms of religious expression.

Economy

Overview

Colombia has one of the most diverse economies in South America, characterized by a mix of industries, including mining, agriculture, manufacturing, and services. Over the past two decades, Colombia has emerged as one of the most dynamic economies in the region, driven by its large population, rich natural resources, and strategic location for trade.

The Colombian government has implemented significant economic reforms to promote market liberalization, attract foreign investment, and diversify the economy. Despite challenges, including a history of political instability and armed conflict, Colombia has experienced consistent growth and is now classified as an upper-middle-income country.

Agriculture, mining, and oil production are the backbone of Colombia’s economy, but the country has also made strides in developing its manufacturing and services sectors. Coffee remains one of the country’s most important exports, and Colombia is one of the largest producers of coffee beans in the world. The services sector, including finance, tourism, and telecommunications, has also expanded, particularly in urban areas.

Agriculture and Natural Resources

Agriculture plays a significant role in Colombia’s economy, with the country being one of the world’s leading exporters of coffee, flowers, bananas, and cut flowers. Colombian coffee is known for its high quality and is an important symbol of the country’s economy and culture. The coffee-growing regions, particularly in the Andean foothills, are crucial to the country’s rural economy and have been a source of pride for Colombians for generations.

In addition to coffee, Colombia is a leading exporter of bananas, sugar, and cocoa, and it has vast areas dedicated to the production of flowers, particularly roses. The country’s tropical climate allows for the production of a wide variety of crops, including fruits such as pineapples, avocados, and mangoes. Colombia’s fertile land supports both large commercial agricultural operations and small family farms.

Mining and oil production are also major contributors to Colombia’s economy. The country is rich in natural resources, including coal, gold, and emeralds, and it is one of the largest exporters of coal in the world. Colombia’s oil industry, which has been one of the main drivers of economic growth, has faced challenges in recent years due to fluctuating global oil prices, environmental concerns, and armed conflicts in oil-producing regions.

Services and Industry

The services sector in Colombia has grown rapidly in recent years, driven by improvements in telecommunications, finance, and trade. The banking and financial industries in Colombia are well-developed, with many international financial institutions operating in the country. The capital, Bogotá, serves as the financial hub of Colombia, with major stock exchanges and business centers concentrated in the city.

The telecommunications industry in Colombia has also expanded rapidly, with mobile phone coverage and internet access reaching across the country. The government has invested heavily in improving digital infrastructure to support the economy’s growth, particularly in urban areas.

Manufacturing in Colombia is diverse, including the production of textiles, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, and food products. Cities such as Medellín and Cali have strong industrial bases, with companies producing everything from clothing and textiles to consumer electronics. Colombia’s diverse industrial base has allowed the country to continue growing and reducing its reliance on natural resource exports.

Trade and Investment

Colombia has a highly open economy, with an emphasis on trade and international partnerships. The country has signed several free trade agreements (FTAs) with countries such as the United States, the European Union, Canada, and several Latin American nations. These agreements have facilitated the growth of Colombia’s exports, particularly in sectors such as agriculture, mining, and manufacturing.

The country is also a member of the Pacific Alliance, a trade bloc formed with Mexico, Chile, and Peru, which aims to promote economic integration and cooperation in the region. Colombia’s location along the Pacific Ocean provides it with easy access to both North American and Asian markets, making it a key player in the global supply chain.

Government

Political System

Colombia is a democratic republic, with a political system based on the separation of powers among the executive, legislative, and judicial branches. The president of Colombia is both the head of state and government, elected for a four-year term. The president is responsible for running the government, implementing policies, and representing the country in international affairs.

The legislative branch of Colombia is bicameral, consisting of the Senate and the Chamber of Representatives. The Senate has 108 members, and the Chamber of Representatives has 172 members. Both are elected by popular vote, with the legislative branch responsible for passing laws, approving the budget, and providing oversight of the executive.

The judiciary in Colombia is independent, and the country has a well-established legal framework. The country has a complex judicial system that includes courts for civil, criminal, and administrative matters. Colombia’s Constitutional Court is responsible for upholding the constitution and ensuring the protection of individual rights.

Legal System

Colombia’s legal system is based on civil law, influenced by Spanish legal traditions. The judiciary is designed to be independent, but the country’s legal system has faced challenges related to corruption and inefficiencies. The government has implemented reforms in recent years to strengthen the rule of law and ensure access to justice for all citizens.

In addition to the formal legal system, Colombia has a long history of informal legal practices in rural areas, particularly in indigenous communities, where traditional methods of dispute resolution are still used.

Foreign Relations

Colombia maintains active diplomatic relations with countries around the world, particularly in Latin America, North America, and Europe. The country has strong ties with the United States, which is its largest trading partner and a key ally in the fight against drug trafficking and organized crime. Colombia is also a member of international organizations such as the United Nations, the Organization of American States (OAS), and the World Trade Organization (WTO).

Colombia’s foreign policy has been focused on promoting regional integration, stability, and trade, particularly through its involvement in the Pacific Alliance and efforts to strengthen ties with neighboring countries. The Colombian government has also worked to improve relations with Venezuela, despite the complex political and economic issues between the two countries.

Culture

Arts and Music

Colombia’s cultural heritage is a blend of indigenous, African, and European influences, creating a rich and diverse artistic tradition. Colombian art is characterized by vibrant colors and a deep connection to the country’s history and landscapes. The country is home to a variety of traditional and contemporary artists, particularly in the fields of painting, sculpture, and literature. Famous Colombian artists such as Fernando Botero, known for his exaggerated and whimsical depictions of human figures, have gained international acclaim.

Music is an essential part of Colombian culture, with each region of the country having its own distinct musical traditions. Cumbia, vallenato, and salsa are among the most recognized genres. Cumbia, which originated along Colombia’s Caribbean coast, combines African, indigenous, and Spanish elements. Vallenato, from the northern region of the country, is a genre that blends folk and accordion music, while salsa has become popular in urban areas, particularly in Cali, which is known as the salsa capital of the world.

Cuisine

Colombian cuisine is diverse, with regional variations reflecting the country’s geography, climate, and cultural influences. The central and highland regions of Colombia are known for hearty stews, soups, and meat-based dishes. A typical dish is “ajiaco”, a potato-based soup often served with chicken, corn, and avocado.

In the coastal regions, seafood dishes dominate, with dishes such as “ceviche” (raw fish marinated in citrus juices) and “arroz con coco” (coconut rice with fish) being popular. Colombian cuisine also features a variety of tropical fruits, such as mango, papaya, guanabana, and lulo, which are often used in drinks and desserts.

Arepas, a type of cornmeal cake, is a staple food throughout the country, and it is eaten with a variety of fillings depending on the region. Colombian food is typically accompanied by beverages such as “aguapanela” (a sugarcane drink) and coffee, with Colombia being one of the world’s largest coffee producers.

Festivals and Traditions

Colombia is known for its vibrant festivals, which celebrate its cultural diversity and history. The Carnival of Barranquilla, held annually in February, is one of the largest and most important cultural celebrations in Colombia. The carnival is a lively celebration of music, dance, and costumes, showcasing the country’s African, indigenous, and European heritage.

Another major celebration is La Feria de las Flores (Festival of Flowers) in Medellín, which honors the city’s agricultural history and its role as the flower capital of Colombia. Semana Santa (Holy Week) is another significant religious celebration in Colombia, particularly in Popayán, where elaborate processions and rituals are held.

In addition to these festivals, Colombian culture is enriched by its traditions of family and community. Family gatherings, often centered around meals, are an important aspect of Colombian life, and respect for elders and community cohesion are highly valued.

Religion

Colombia is predominantly Roman Catholic, and Catholicism plays an important role in the cultural and social life of the country. Catholic traditions and festivals such as Christmas, Easter, and Dia de los Muertos are widely observed, and the church has historically been a strong institution in Colombia.

Despite the dominance of Catholicism, Colombia is also home to religious minorities, including Protestant Christians, Afro-Colombian religious practices, and indigenous spiritual beliefs. The country’s religious diversity reflects the multicultural nature of Colombian society, which embraces different cultural practices and beliefs.

Colombia Map