Brazil Facts

by countryaah · Published June 3, 2019 · Updated December 12, 2024

Brazil, State of South America; 8.6 million km², 209.5 million residents (2019).Brazil covers almost half of South America’s surface. The capital is Brazil (3 million residents, 2016).

Country facts

Republic of Brazil / Federal Republic of Brazil
Country abbreviation: BR
Area: 8.6 million km²
Population (2019): 209.5 million residents
Capital: Brazil
Main languages: Portuguese
State: Republic
Head of State and Head of Government: Jair Bolsonaro
Per capita GDP (2018): US $ 8,921
GNI per capita (2018): US $ 9,140
Currency unit: 1 real = 100 centavos
Currency code: BRL
Country number (telephony): 55
Internet domain name: br
Time difference compared to Sweden: −4 to −6
National Day: September 7 (Independence Day, 1822)

Nature

Land use: forest (58%), agricultural land (6%), other (36%)
Highest mountain: Neblina (3,001 m above sea level)
Longest river: Amazon River (7,025 km)

Population

Population density (2019): 24 residents per km²
Natural population growth (2019): 0.8%; birthrate 14 ‰, deathrate 6 ‰
Age structure (2019): 0-14 years (22%), 15-64 (68%), 65- (10%)
Life expectancy (2019): men 72 years, women 79 years
Infant mortality (2019): 10 per 1,000 live births
Population forecast 2050: 233 million residents
HDI (2017): 0.759 (place 79 of 189)
Urbanization rate (2019): 86%
Most populous cities (2016): São Paulo (12 million residents), Rio de Janeiro (6.5 million), Salvador (2.9 million)

Business

Industry’s contribution to GDP (2017): agriculture (7%), industry (21%), service (72%)
Exports (2017): US $ 217,200 million
Main export products: vehicles, iron ore, soybeans
Main exporting countries: China, USA, Argentina
Imports (2017): US $ 153,200 million
Main import products: machinery, vehicles, chemicals
Main trading partners: China, USA, Argentina
Railway network (2014): 29,850 km

Geography

Topography

Brazil is the fifth largest country in the world by both area and population, spanning approximately 8.5 million square kilometers. Its vast territory encompasses diverse landscapes, including the Amazon Rainforest, the world’s largest tropical rainforest, which covers about 60% of the country. The Brazilian Highlands dominate the central and southern regions, characterized by rolling plateaus and mountain ranges such as the Serra do Mar and Serra da Mantiqueira. The extensive coastline stretches over 7,491 kilometers along the Atlantic Ocean, featuring sandy beaches, mangroves, and coastal cliffs. Significant river systems, including the Amazon, Paraná, and São Francisco, traverse the country, providing vital waterways that support transportation, agriculture, and biodiversity.

Regions

Brazil is traditionally divided into five main geographic regions: North, Northeast, Central-West, Southeast, and South. The North region is largely covered by the Amazon Rainforest and is rich in biodiversity and natural resources. The Northeast is known for its cultural heritage, historical significance, and semi-arid climate in parts. The Central-West houses the vast Pantanal wetlands and the capital city, Brasília, as well as extensive agricultural areas. The Southeast, the most economically developed region, includes major cities like São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, serving as hubs for industry, finance, and culture. The South region features a temperate climate, European-influenced culture, and significant agricultural production, particularly of soybeans and livestock.

Biodiversity

Brazil boasts unparalleled biodiversity, being home to an estimated 10-15% of all known species on Earth. The Amazon Rainforest alone hosts millions of plant and animal species, many of which are endemic. The Pantanal wetlands are a sanctuary for diverse wildlife, including jaguars, capybaras, and numerous bird species. The Atlantic Forest, although much reduced in size, remains a critical habitat for numerous species and plays a vital role in maintaining ecological balance. Brazil’s biodiversity extends to its marine environments, where coral reefs, diverse fish populations, and marine mammals thrive along the extensive coastline.

Climate

Climate Zones

Brazil’s climate is predominantly tropical, but it varies significantly across different regions. The Amazon region experiences a humid tropical climate with high temperatures and abundant rainfall year-round, fostering its dense rainforest ecosystem. The Northeast features a mix of tropical and semi-arid climates, with some areas experiencing droughts and others enjoying more rainfall. The Central-West has a tropical savanna climate, characterized by distinct wet and dry seasons, which supports both the Pantanal wetlands and extensive agricultural activities. The Southeast region enjoys a subtropical climate, with milder winters and warmer summers, while the South experiences a temperate climate with more pronounced seasonal changes, including occasional snowfall in higher elevations.

Weather Patterns

Brazil’s weather patterns are influenced by the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), which brings significant rainfall to the northern and central regions. The El Niño and La Niña phenomena also impact Brazil’s climate, causing variations in precipitation and temperature. The Amazon region typically receives heavy rainfall, promoting lush vegetation growth, while the Northeast can experience prolonged dry periods affecting agriculture and water resources. In the Central-West, the rainy season aligns with the summer months, facilitating crop cultivation and maintaining the wetlands. The Southeast and South regions are subject to more variable weather, with the South occasionally experiencing frost and the Southeast facing urban heat islands due to dense population centers.

People

Demographics

Brazil is the most populous country in South America, with a population exceeding 214 million people. The population is highly urbanized, with major cities like São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, and Brasília serving as economic and cultural centers. The country has a youthful population, although it is gradually aging due to declining birth rates and increasing life expectancy. Population density varies widely, with the coastal regions being heavily populated while the interior areas remain sparsely inhabited.

Ethnic Composition

Brazil is a melting pot of ethnicities, reflecting its history of indigenous populations, European colonization, African slavery, and subsequent immigration from various parts of the world. The majority of Brazilians identify as mixed race, known as “Pardo,” which encompasses diverse ancestries. Significant European-descended populations include those of Portuguese, Italian, German, and Spanish heritage. African-descended Brazilians, primarily in the Northeast and Southeast, contribute richly to the nation’s cultural tapestry. Additionally, there are communities of Japanese, Lebanese, and other immigrant groups that have integrated into Brazilian society, adding to the country’s multicultural identity.

Languages

Portuguese is the official language of Brazil, spoken by virtually the entire population. It serves as a unifying factor in a country with vast linguistic diversity. Numerous indigenous languages are also spoken, particularly in the Amazon region, although many are endangered due to assimilation and globalization. In urban areas and among immigrant communities, other languages such as Italian, German, Japanese, and Spanish can be heard, reflecting the country’s diverse heritage. English and Spanish are commonly taught as second languages in schools, facilitating international communication and business.

Religion

Brazil is predominantly Roman Catholic, a legacy of Portuguese colonization, but religious diversity has grown significantly in recent decades. Protestantism, particularly Evangelical and Pentecostal movements, has seen substantial growth and now represents a significant portion of the population. Additionally, Afro-Brazilian religions such as Candomblé and Umbanda are practiced, especially in regions with strong African cultural influences. There are also small communities of Jews, Muslims, Buddhists, and adherents of indigenous spiritual practices, contributing to the country’s rich religious landscape.

Economy

Major Industries

Brazil has the largest economy in Latin America and is considered one of the world’s major emerging markets. Its economy is diverse, with significant contributions from agriculture, mining, manufacturing, and services. Agriculture plays a crucial role, with Brazil being a leading producer of soybeans, coffee, sugarcane, beef, and poultry. The mining sector is vital, particularly the extraction of iron ore, bauxite, and other minerals. The manufacturing industry is robust, encompassing automobiles, machinery, electronics, and textiles. The services sector, including finance, retail, and telecommunications, is the largest component of the economy, driven by a large and growing middle class.

Trade

Brazil is a key player in international trade, exporting a wide range of products including agricultural commodities, iron ore, crude petroleum, and manufactured goods. Its major trading partners include China, the United States, the European Union, and neighboring South American countries. Brazil is a member of several international trade organizations, such as the World Trade Organization (WTO), Mercosur, and BRICS, which enhance its global trade relations. The country has been actively seeking to diversify its export markets and reduce dependence on a few key commodities by investing in value-added industries and technology.

Economic Development

Brazil has experienced significant economic growth and development, particularly in the late 20th and early 21st centuries. However, it has also faced challenges such as economic volatility, inflation, and periods of recession. Recent efforts have focused on structural reforms, improving infrastructure, and fostering innovation to sustain growth. The country has made strides in reducing poverty and expanding access to education and healthcare, although income inequality remains a persistent issue. Investments in technology, renewable energy, and sustainable agriculture are key priorities for Brazil’s ongoing economic development, aiming to balance growth with environmental conservation.

Government

Political System

Brazil is a federal presidential constitutional republic, with power divided among the executive, legislative, and judicial branches. The President of Brazil serves as both the head of state and government, elected by popular vote for a four-year term with the possibility of reelection. The bicameral National Congress consists of the Chamber of Deputies and the Federal Senate, responsible for making and passing laws. The judiciary is independent, headed by the Supreme Federal Court, which ensures the constitutionality of laws and resolves disputes between different branches of government.

Administrative Divisions

Brazil is divided into 26 states and one Federal District, which houses the capital city, Brasília. Each state has its own governor and legislature, operating with a degree of autonomy from the federal government. The states are further subdivided into municipalities, each governed by a mayor and municipal council. This federal structure allows for regional governance tailored to the diverse needs and characteristics of Brazil’s various geographic and cultural regions.

Foreign Relations

Brazil plays a significant role in international affairs, particularly within Latin America. It is a founding member of Mercosur, a regional trade bloc, and is actively involved in the BRICS group, which includes emerging economies like Russia, India, China, and South Africa. Brazil advocates for sustainable development, environmental protection, and social justice on the global stage. It maintains diplomatic relations with countries around the world, participating in various international organizations such as the United Nations, World Trade Organization, and the G20. Brazil’s foreign policy emphasizes multilateralism, economic cooperation, and regional integration.

Culture

Arts

Brazilian culture is a vibrant blend of indigenous, African, and European influences, reflected in its diverse artistic expressions. In the visual arts, Brazil has produced renowned artists such as Tarsila do Amaral and Candido Portinari, who have contributed to modernist movements and depicted the country’s cultural identity. Contemporary Brazilian art continues to thrive, with a dynamic scene encompassing painting, sculpture, photography, and digital media. The country’s architecture is equally diverse, ranging from colonial-era churches and buildings to modernist masterpieces like those designed by Oscar Niemeyer in Brasília.

Music

Music is an integral part of Brazilian culture, with a rich heritage that includes genres like samba, bossa nova, forró, and MPB (Música Popular Brasileira). Samba, originating from Afro-Brazilian communities, is synonymous with Carnival and features lively rhythms and danceable beats. Bossa nova, characterized by its smooth melodies and jazz influences, gained international acclaim in the mid-20th century. Contemporary Brazilian music incorporates a wide range of styles, including rock, pop, funk, and electronic, reflecting the country’s diverse cultural landscape. Renowned musicians such as Gilberto Gil, Caetano Veloso, and Elis Regina have made significant contributions to both national and global music scenes.

Festivals

Brazil is famous for its vibrant festivals, the most iconic being Carnival. Celebrated annually before Lent, Carnival features elaborate parades, samba music, colorful costumes, and street parties across major cities, particularly Rio de Janeiro and Salvador. Other significant festivals include Festa Junina, which celebrates rural traditions with bonfires, traditional food, and dance; Parintins Folklore Festival, showcasing Amazonian folklore through music and dance; and the São Paulo Art Biennial, a major event in the international art calendar. These festivals highlight Brazil’s cultural diversity, community spirit, and creative expression.

Cuisine

Brazilian cuisine is a reflection of its multicultural heritage, offering a rich variety of flavors and dishes. Staple ingredients include rice, beans, manioc, and a wide array of meats, particularly beef, poultry, and pork. Regional specialties vary widely: in the Northeast, dishes like acarajé and moqueca blend African and indigenous influences; in the South, churrasco (barbecue) and Italian-inspired pasta dishes are popular; and in the Amazon, fish and tropical fruits feature prominently. Traditional beverages include caipirinha, made with cachaça, sugar, and lime, and various regional juices and beers. Brazilian cuisine emphasizes communal dining and the use of fresh, locally sourced ingredients.

History

Pre-Colonial Era

Before the arrival of Europeans, the territory now known as Brazil was inhabited by numerous indigenous tribes, each with its own distinct culture, language, and social structure. These communities were primarily hunter-gatherers, with some practicing agriculture and forming complex societies. The indigenous population was diverse, with estimates ranging from 2 to 5 million people at the time of European contact. Their rich cultural heritage includes advanced knowledge of medicinal plants, intricate art forms, and sophisticated systems of governance and trade.

Colonial Period

Brazil was officially claimed by Portugal in 1500 when the explorer Pedro Álvares Cabral arrived on its shores. The colonial period was marked by the establishment of sugar plantations in the Northeast, which relied heavily on African slave labor. The discovery of gold and diamonds in the 18th century led to economic growth and the development of mining centers. Portuguese colonizers imposed their language, religion, and administrative systems, profoundly influencing the region’s cultural and social landscape. The colonial era also saw conflicts and resistance from indigenous populations and African slaves, shaping the nation’s complex demographic and cultural identity.

Independence and Empire

Brazil declared independence from Portugal on September 7, 1822, under the leadership of Dom Pedro I, who became the first Emperor of Brazil. The empire era was characterized by efforts to consolidate national unity, expand territorial boundaries, and modernize the economy. Dom Pedro II, who ascended to the throne in 1831, presided over a period of relative stability and progress, including the abolition of slavery in 1888. The monarchy faced increasing pressures from republican movements, leading to its eventual dissolution in 1889 when Brazil became a republic. This transition marked the beginning of a new political and social era, with significant changes in governance and society.

Republic Era

The establishment of the Republic of Brazil in 1889 led to the adoption of a federal constitution and the implementation of a presidential system. The early republican period was marked by political instability, economic challenges, and regional conflicts. The mid-20th century saw periods of economic growth and industrialization, as well as political turmoil, including the Vargas Era and military coups. From 1964 to 1985, Brazil was under military dictatorship, which imposed strict authoritarian rule but also initiated significant infrastructure projects and economic development. The return to democracy in 1985 ushered in a new constitution in 1988, reinforcing civil liberties and democratic governance. In recent decades, Brazil has continued to navigate challenges related to economic inequality, political corruption, and social development, while also asserting its role as a major player on the global stage.